There are two broad categories of abortion: 1. Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), in which the body naturally ends a pregnancy before fetal viability (usually before 20–24 weeks). 2. Induced abortion, the deliberate termination of a pregnancy by medical or surgical means. Induced abortions break doRead more
There are two broad categories of abortion:
1. Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), in which the body naturally ends a pregnancy before fetal viability (usually before 20–24 weeks).
2. Induced abortion, the deliberate termination of a pregnancy by medical or surgical means.
Induced abortions break down into two main types:
• Medical abortion uses prescription pills—most often mifepristone followed by misoprostol—to halt pregnancy development and expel uterine contents. It’s approved up to about 10 weeks’ gestation, and can be clinician-supported in-person or via telehealth, or self-managed at home. Medical abortion accounts for over half of U.S. terminations and carries a low (< 2%) complication rate.
• Surgical abortion employs instruments to remove pregnancy tissue. The most common first-trimester procedure is vacuum aspiration (manual or electric), generally done up to 14 weeks. In the second trimester (roughly 12–24 weeks), providers typically use dilation and evacuation (D&E), which combines cervical dilation with suction and surgical instruments to clear uterine contents.
In rare late-term situations (after about 20–21 weeks), a labor-induction abortion may be performed: medications induce contractions to deliver the fetus and placenta. Fewer than 1% of U.S. abortions occur this late, usually for severe fetal anomalies or maternal health risks.
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Here’s a clear, structured overview of the main classifications of learning in psychology and education, with examples for each. 1️⃣ Based on the Nature of Association Non-Associative Learning – Change in response to a single stimulus without forming associations. Habituation – Gradual decrease in rRead more
Here’s a clear, structured overview of the main classifications of learning in psychology and education, with examples for each.
1️⃣ Based on the Nature of Association
Non-Associative Learning – Change in response to a single stimulus without forming associations.
Habituation – Gradual decrease in response to a repeated harmless stimulus.
Sensitization – Increased responsiveness after exposure to a strong or harmful stimulus.
Associative Learning – Forming connections between stimuli and responses.
Classical Conditioning – Learning through association (Pavlov’s dogs salivating at a bell).
Operant Conditioning – Learning through consequences (Skinner’s reinforcement and punishment).
2️⃣ Based on the Method of Learning
Trial-and-Error Learning – Repeated attempts until the correct response is found (Thorndike’s puzzle box with cats).
Observational (Imitative) Learning – Learning by watching others (Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment).
Insight Learning – Sudden realization of a solution without trial-and-error (Köhler’s chimpanzee using a stick to get bananas).
3️⃣ Based on the Domain of Learning
Cognitive Learning – Focuses on mental processes like thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.
Affective Learning – Involves emotions, values, and attitudes.
Psychomotor Learning – Development of physical skills and coordination.
4️⃣ Based on Purpose or Context
Rote Learning – Memorizing without deep understanding (e.g., multiplication tables).
Meaningful Learning – Connecting new knowledge to existing concepts for deeper understanding.
Experiential Learning – Learning through direct experience and reflection.
✅ In short: Learning can be classified by how it happens (method), what is learned (domain), and why it’s learned (purpose). These categories often overlap in real-life situations.
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