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Classifications are the act or process of dividing things into groups according to their type.
Asked: 4 years agoIn: , , , ,
Nasim

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classificationscomplicationshypertensiontypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition where the force of blood against the walls of your arteries is too high. If left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems. Some of the complications of hypertension include: - Heart disease: Hypertension can cause damage to the arteries tRead more

    Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition where the force of blood against the walls of your arteries is too high. If left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems. Some of the complications of hypertension include:

    – Heart disease: Hypertension can cause damage to the arteries that supply blood to the heart, leading to heart disease.
    – Stroke: High blood pressure can cause blood vessels in the brain to burst or become blocked, leading to a stroke.
    – Kidney disease: Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to kidney disease.
    – Peripheral artery disease: Hypertension can cause damage to the arteries that supply blood to the legs and feet, leading to peripheral artery disease.
    – Hypertensive retinopathy: Hypertension can cause damage to the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to hypertensive retinopathy.

    It’s important to note that these are not the only complications of hypertension, and that the risk of complications can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, and overall health.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Nasim

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classificationsdeafnesstypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    There are four types of hearing loss: 1. Conductive Hearing Loss: This type of hearing loss occurs when something stops sounds from getting through the outer or middle ear. It can often be treated with medicine or surgery. 2. Sensorineural Hearing Loss: This type of hearing loss occurs when there isRead more

    There are four types of hearing loss:
    1. Conductive Hearing Loss: This type of hearing loss occurs when something stops sounds from getting through the outer or middle ear. It can often be treated with medicine or surgery.

    2. Sensorineural Hearing Loss: This type of hearing loss occurs when there is a problem in the way the inner ear or hearing nerve works.

    3. Mixed Hearing Loss: This type of hearing loss includes both a conductive and a sensorineural hearing loss.

    4. Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: This type of hearing loss occurs when sound enters the ear normally, but because of damage to the inner ear or the hearing nerve, sound isn’t organized in a way that the brain can understand.

    The degree of hearing loss can range from mild to profound:

    – Mild Hearing Loss: A person with a mild hearing loss may hear some speech sounds but soft sounds are hard to hear.

    – Moderate Hearing Loss: A person with a moderate hearing loss may hear almost no speech when another person is talking at a normal level.

    – Severe Hearing Loss: A person with severe hearing loss will hear no speech when a person is talking at a normal level and only some loud sounds.

    – Profound Hearing Loss: A person with a profound hearing loss will not hear any speech and only very loud sounds.

    Hearing loss can also be described as:

    – Unilateral or Bilateral: Hearing loss is in one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral).

    – Pre-lingual or Post-lingual: Hearing loss happened before a person learned to talk (pre-lingual) or after a person learned to talk (post-lingual).

    – Symmetrical or Asymmetrical: Hearing loss is the same in both ears (symmetrical) or is different in each ear (asymmetrical).

    – Progressive or Sudden: Hearing loss worsens over time (progressive) or happens quickly (sudden).

    – Fluctuating or Stable: Hearing loss gets either better or worse over time (fluctuating) or stays the same over time (stable).

    – Congenital or Acquired/Delayed Onset: Hearing loss is present at birth (congenital) or appears sometime later in life (acquired or delayed onset).

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Nasim

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classificationsmastoiditistypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    There are two types of mastoiditis: acute mastoiditis and chronic mastoiditis. Acute mastoiditis is a bacterial infection that develops due to acute otitis media, which is an infection of the middle ear that causes acute inflammation and pain. It typically goes away within a month after treatment anRead more

    There are two types of mastoiditis: acute mastoiditis and chronic mastoiditis.

    Acute mastoiditis is a bacterial infection that develops due to acute otitis media, which is an infection of the middle ear that causes acute inflammation and pain. It typically goes away within a month after treatment and doesn’t come back.

    Chronic mastoiditis is a bacterial infection that causes chronic inflammation of the middle ear and discharge in the middle ear. It lasts a month or longer or comes back after antibiotic treatment.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Nasim

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classificationsglaucomatypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve and increase eye pressure. There are several types of glaucoma, including: 1. Open-angle glaucoma: The most common type of glaucoma, which usually has no warning signs in the early stages. Gradually, patchy blind spots in your side viRead more

    Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve and increase eye pressure. There are several types of glaucoma, including:

    1. Open-angle glaucoma: The most common type of glaucoma, which usually has no warning signs in the early stages. Gradually, patchy blind spots in your side vision may develop. In later stages, difficulty seeing things in your central vision may occur.
    2. Angle-closure glaucoma: A less common type of glaucoma that can cause severe headache, severe eye pain, nausea or vomiting, blurred vision, halos or colored rings around lights, eye redness, and sudden vision loss.
    3. Normal-tension glaucoma: A type of glaucoma that causes optic nerve damage even though the pressure in the eye is not very high.
    4. Childhood glaucoma: A rare type of glaucoma that occurs in infants and young children.
    5. Secondary glaucoma: A type of glaucoma that occurs as a result of another eye condition or injury.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn:
Nasim

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classificationsstaphylococcus aureustypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The genus Staphylococcus consists of Gram-positive, non-spore-forming cocci that are often found as normal human microbiota of the skin and nasal cavity. There are five organisms to consider as potential human pathogens in this genus: 1. S. aureus 2. S. epidermidis 3. S. saprophiticus 4. S. haemolytRead more

    The genus Staphylococcus consists of Gram-positive, non-spore-forming cocci that are often found as normal human microbiota of the skin and nasal cavity. There are five organisms to consider as potential human pathogens in this genus:
    1. S. aureus
    2. S. epidermidis
    3. S. saprophiticus
    4. S. haemolyticus, and
    5. S. hominis.

    The major test reaction to use in Staphylococcus identification is the coagulase test reaction, which divides the genus Staphylococcus into 2 groups:
    1. Coagulase-negative species, and
    2. Coagulase-positive species.
    The test media that you will run for identification depends on which category your organism falls in.

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Asked: 12 months agoIn: , , ,
AKM IMDADUL KABIR

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classificationspersonality disordertypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    A personality disorder is a mental health condition characterized by long-lasting, all-encompassing, disruptive patterns of thinking, behavior, mood, and relating to others. These patterns cause significant distress and may impair a person's ability to function effectively in various aspects of lifeRead more

    A personality disorder is a mental health condition characterized by long-lasting, all-encompassing, disruptive patterns of thinking, behavior, mood, and relating to others. These patterns cause significant distress and may impair a person’s ability to function effectively in various aspects of life, including work, relationships, and social interactions.

    Here are the three main clusters of personality disorders, each with different symptoms in common:

    1. Cluster A Personality Disorders (Unusual and Eccentric Thinking or Behaviors):
    – Paranoid Personality Disorder: Individuals exhibit relentless mistrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason. They often believe others are trying to demean, harm, or threaten them.
    – Schizoid Personality Disorder: People with this condition consistently display detachment from and general disinterest in interpersonal relationships. Their emotional range is limited when interacting with others.
    – Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Characterized by intense discomfort with close relationships, distorted views of reality, superstitions, and unusual behaviors¹.

    2. Cluster B Personality Disorders (Dramatic and Erratic Behaviors):
    – Antisocial Personality Disorder: Individuals exhibit a disregard for others’ rights, impulsivity, and a lack of empathy. They often engage in risky behaviors and violate societal norms.
    – Borderline Personality Disorder: Marked by unstable relationships, intense mood swings, impulsivity, and fear of abandonment. Self-harming behaviors and identity disturbances are common.
    – Histrionic Personality Disorder: People with this disorder seek attention, display excessive emotionality, and have a strong desire to be the center of attention.
    – Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Individuals have an inflated sense of self-importance, lack empathy, and crave admiration.
    3. Cluster C Personality Disorders (Anxious and Fearful Behaviors):
    – Avoidant Personality Disorder: Individuals avoid social interactions due to extreme fear of rejection or criticism.
    – Dependent Personality Disorder: People with this condition rely excessively on others for decision-making and fear being alone.
    – Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Characterized by perfectionism, rigidity, and an obsession with rules and order.

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Asked: 1 year agoIn: ,
ashfaq ahmed
Begginer

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classificationsexperimentexperimental methodtypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    The experimental method in psychology is a research technique that involves manipulating one variable to test its effect on another variable, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship. This method is fundamental to scientific inquiry and allows psychologists to conclude how different factors inflRead more

    The experimental method in psychology is a research technique that involves manipulating one variable to test its effect on another variable, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship. This method is fundamental to scientific inquiry and allows psychologists to conclude how different factors influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

    Here are some key aspects of the experimental method:
    – Manipulation of Variables: Researchers manipulate an independent variable (the cause) to observe changes in a dependent variable (the effect).
    – Controlled Environment: Experiments are conducted in controlled settings to minimize the influence of extraneous variables.
    – Random Assignment: Participants are randomly assigned to different groups (e.g., control and experimental) to ensure that the results are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not other factors.
    – Objective Measurement: The effects on the dependent variable are measured objectively to provide reliable data.

    The experimental method can be conducted in various settings, such as in a laboratory (lab experiment) or a natural environment (field experiment). Lab experiments offer more control over variables, while field experiments provide more ecological validity by studying behavior in real-world settings.

    This method is crucial for advancing our understanding of human psychology by providing empirical evidence for theories and hypotheses. It’s used to explore a wide range of psychological phenomena, including cognition, emotion, memory, perception, and sensation.

    In psychology, there are several types of experiments, each with its unique characteristics and applications. Here are the main types of experiments:

    1. Lab Experiment:
    – A laboratory experiment is conducted in a controlled environment, often in a lab setting, where the researcher manipulates one or more independent variables and measures the effects on the dependent variable.
    – Strengths include the ability to control extraneous variables and the ease of replication due to standardized procedures.
    – Limitations may include artificiality that can produce unnatural behavior and low ecological validity, meaning the results may not generalize well to real-life settings.

    2. Field Experiment:
    – Field experiments take place in a natural, real-world setting. The researcher still manipulates the independent variable(s) but has less control over extraneous variables.
    – These experiments are often used to study social phenomena and test the effectiveness of interventions in real-world scenarios.
    – Participants are typically unaware they are being studied, which can lead to more natural behavior but also introduces more variables that are difficult to control.

    3. Natural Experiment:
    – In a natural experiment, the researcher takes advantage of a naturally occurring event or situation to study its effect on a dependent variable.
    – The independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher; instead, it is a natural variation or an event that is out of the researcher’s control.
    – This type of experiment can provide insights into effects in real-life settings but lacks the control of lab and field experiments.

    These types of experiments are essential tools in psychological research, allowing scientists to explore cause-and-effect relationships and understand human behavior in various contexts. Each type has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of which to use depends on the research question and the practicality of experimenting.

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Asked: 1 year agoIn: , , ,
ashfaq ahmed
Begginer

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classificationsnephrolithiasisrenal calculusrenal stonetypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    @ashfaq ahmed Renal calculi, also known as kidney stones, are solid masses that form in the urinary tract. There are different types of renal calculi, each with its own unique features. Here are the four main types of renal calculi and their features: 1. Calcium stones: These are the most common typRead more

    ashfaq ahmed
    Renal calculi, also known as kidney stones, are solid masses that form in the urinary tract. There are different types of renal calculi, each with its own unique features. Here are the four main types of renal calculi and their features:

    1. Calcium stones: These are the most common type of renal calculi, accounting for up to (61-75)% of all cases. They are composed of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate and can be caused by a variety of factors such as high levels of calcium in the urine, dehydration, and certain medications. Appearance: Envelope or dumbbell shaped. Presentation age: In any age. Approx. ratio men vs women: 2:1 . Recurrence: 38%

    2. Uric acid stones: These stones are formed when there is an excess of uric acid in the urine. They account for 95-15)% of all renal calculi cases. Uric acid stones are often softer than other types of stones and can be dissolved with medication. Appearance: Amorphous or wedge shaped. Presentation age: In any age. Approx. ratio men vs women: 1:2 . Recurrence: 43%

    3. Struvite stones: These stones are also known as infection stones because they are caused by urinary tract infections. They account for (5-15)% of all renal calculi cases. Struvite stones can grow quickly and become quite large, sometimes filling the entire kidney. Appearance: Coffin-lid shaped. Presentation age: In any age. Approx. ratio men vs women: 1:3 . Recurrence: 41%

    4. Cystine stones: These stones are rare and hereditary. They account for only (1-2)% of all renal calculi cases. Cystine stones are caused by a genetic disorder that affects the way the body processes certain amino acids. Appearance: Hexagon shaped. Presentation age: most frequently in 0-20 age. Approx. ratio men vs women: 2:1. Recurrence: 89%

    5. Uric acid: They account for only (10-15)% of all renal calculi cases. Appearance: Rhomboid shaped. Presentation age: most frequently in 60-65 age. Approx. ratio men vs women: 4:1. Recurrence: 51%

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Asked: 1 year agoIn:
ashfaq ahmed
Begginer

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classificationstypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Best Answer
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    A) Level. 1 (external formatting) 1. Book Repertories 2. Card Repertories 3. Software Packages B) Level. 2 (Internal formatting) Based on the internal formatting they are divided in: 1. Puritan group 2. Logical utilitarian group Puritan group – They are called so because the purity of the language oRead more

    A) Level. 1 (external formatting)
    1. Book Repertories
    2. Card Repertories
    3. Software Packages

    B) Level. 2 (Internal formatting) Based on the internal formatting they are divided in:

    1. Puritan group
    2. Logical utilitarian group
    Puritan group – They are called so because the purity of the language of the drug proving is maintained. They are used for the purpose of reference and not for systemic repertorisation. They help us to refer the symptoms without much variations in the language of the provers. Thes repertories are analogues to the index of the symptoms as they are presented in the materia medica.
    Kneer repertory
    Gentry’s repertory

    logical utilitarian group – are called so because of their arrangement and their utility value, they have distinct principles of their own.
    In this repertories the symptoms may not be found in the language of the materiamedica, but the symptoms change their forms to fit in to the arrangement of the repertories.
    Eg. Kent’s repertory
    Synthesis.

    C) Level. 3 Group characteristics
    The classification made on the basis of group characteristics is the most pragmatic one for selecting the repertory according to the demands of the case.

    1. General repertories
    Based on deductive logic
    Eg. Kent’s repertory
    Based on inductive logic
    Eg. Therapeutic pocket book
    Based on Clinical approach
    Eg. Repertory to Homoeopathic MM by Oscar E Boerick

    2. Regional repertories
    Dealing with the organs
    Eg. Berridges Repertory to Eye
    Dealing with the system
    Eg. Morgan’s repertory to urinary organs

    3. Particular repertories
    Dealing with particular states
    Eg. Repertory to time modalities
    Dealing with the particular diseased condition
    Eg.Repertory of diarrhoea By Bell james

    4. Alphabetical repertories
    The symptoms are arranged in alphabetical order
    Eg. Repertory to Homoeopathic MM By Pathak

    5. Concordance repertories
    Repertory of Concordance by Kneer

    6. Comparative repertories
    Comparative repertory of Hom.MM by Docks & Kockelenberg

    7. Pathogenic repertory
    Repertory to Cyclopedia of drug pathogenesy by Richard Huges

    8. Reference repertories
    Select your remedy by Biswamber das

    9. Therapeutic digests
    Raue’s special pathology & therapeutics

    10. Card repertories
    Kishore’s cards

    11. Computer repertories
    Cara,Radar,Hompath

    GENERAL REPERTORIES
    The general repertories are logical utilitarian repertories
    Useful for individualization as desired by the principles of Homoeopathy
    They facilitate the adapt ion of general symptom for repertorisation.

    3 major groups

    1. Based on deductive logic
    Here the generals are given prime importance, then follows characteristics particulars. The analysis of the case for these repertories is also based on the premise of the deductive logic, where the generals symptoms are given higher ranking than the particular symptoms.
    Eg. Kent’s repertory, Synthesis
    Synthetic repertory also adopted the principles of deductive logic but do not included particular symptoms, it deals exclusively with particular symptoms.

    2. Based on inductive logic
    Means from particulars to generals
    In these repertories the different elements of a symptom like location sensation modality & concomitants can be brought together on the basis of certain constants & and a general symptom can be constructed .The resulting general symptom is called a Synthetic general
    When there is a particular sensation that is expressed at more than two location at any given time, the sensation can be elevated to the level of a general symptom, provided the modalities remain the same for all the locations expressing that sensation. If a concomitant is also present the generalization become stronger
    Eg. TPB is based on doctrine of analogy & concomitant Boger’s repertory operates on complete symptom Synoptic key by Boger give important to pathological generals

    3.Clinical repertories
    These repertories have many clinical rubrics under different systems, and the medicines are given against the name of the disease.
    As in the general repertories the clinical repertories also cover the therapeutic information for the whole of the organism & come under logical utilitarian group.
    The construction of these repertories affords the flexibility of adopting either the deductive or inductive logic at any given time, and highly useful when there is a significant amount of clinical data available in a case.
    Eg. Clinical repertory by J.H.Clark
    The prescriber by J.H.Clark

    !!. Regional repertories
    Regional repertories mainly focus on the information relevant to a particular system or a region. They are mainly used for reference purposes, not for individualisation, but having the advantage of elaborating on a particular theme witha high degree of specificity.
    Eg. Berridg’s eye
    Morgan’s urinary organs

    iii. Particular repertories
    These repertories are based on clinical orientation, focused on certain particular states or particular diseased condition. The specific state may be a modifying factor. This repertories also affords a high degree of specification in the particular area.
    Eg. Time modalities by Shedd.P.V
    Diarrhoea by Bell james

    iv. Alphabetical repertories
    The symptoms in this repertories are arranged in a alphabetical order. This repertories are qualifying as general repertories to a reference book.
    Eg. General alphabetical repertories
    Murphy’s repertory
    Pathak repertory
    Clinical alphabetical repertories
    The presciber by Clark
    Reference repertories
    Highlights of Homoeopathic practice by T.P.Chatterjee

    V. Concordance repertories
    Word meaning In agreement or In harmony
    OR
    An index of words or passages of a book or an author
    Here the medicine is analyzed for its relationship with other medicines at different levels and at different spheres.
    Logical utilitarian repertories are popular as repertories and the puritan repertories are known as Concordance repertories or Concordances.
    These repertories are comprised of mainly of the symptoms in the language of the provers, the whole symptoms expressed by the patient may be obtained as a single unit in these books. The demerit is that the search is very difficult & time consuming.

    VI. Comparative repertoris
    This is one of the latest repertories, which is aimed to assist the user in differentiating the medicines with in the rubric, often this save the labor of consulting the materia medica for the differential references.
    This repertory is a beginning of a movement for improving the service of repertory use. The comparative repertory is deficient in data, because all the remedies are not compared and differentiated.
    Eg. Comparative repertory by Docks & Kockelenberg.

    V11. Pathogenic repertories
    This is an index to the symptoms as presented during the drug proving. This repertory is useful when the pathological changes form the only available database in a case.
    Also useful in case where the differentiation of the medicines and prescription of the appropriate remedy has to be made only on the basis of the objective symptoms.
    In concordance repertories the symptoms are written in the language of the provers _ the verbal expression.
    But in the pathogenic repertories the expression at the level of altered physiological phenomena & the pathological process are explained.
    Eg. Repertory of drug pathogenesy By Richard Huges.

    VII. Reference repertories
    These are not repertories in strict sense, but these books are handy for prescribing in acute cases and in cases with insufficient data.
    They are used as ready recokners for assessing the information about a symptom or a condition with certain constant features.
    Eg. Qiuck bed side presciber by Singhal

    V111. Therapeutic digests
    These are miniature versions of repertories and deals mainly with a particular clinical condition.
    Eg. Raue’s Special pathology & therapeutic hints.

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