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1. Excreta should not contaminate the ground or surface water. 2. Excreta should not pollute the soil. 3. Excreta should not be accessible to flies, rodents or animals. 4. Excreta should not create bad odor or ugly appearance.
1. Excreta should not contaminate the ground or surface water.
2. Excreta should not pollute the soil.
3. Excreta should not be accessible to flies, rodents or animals.
4. Excreta should not create bad odor or ugly appearance.
See lessCase-control: 1. Proceed from effect to cause. 2. Start with the disease. 3. Test whether the suspected causes occur more frequently in those with the diseases than among those without the disease. 4.Usually the first approach to the testing of a hypothesis. 5. Involve a fewer number of subjects. 6.Read more
Case-control:
1. Proceed from effect to cause.
2. Start with the disease.
3. Test whether the suspected causes occur more frequently in those with the diseases than among those without the disease.
4.Usually the first approach to the testing of a hypothesis.
5. Involve a fewer number of subjects.
6. Quick result.
7. Suitable for rare diseases.
8. Only for odds ratio.
9. Can’t yield information about the diseases.
10. Temporal association is never proven.
11. Recall bias is a potential problem.
12. Relatively inexpensive.
Cohort study:
1. Proceed from cause to effect.
2. Start with people exposed to risk factors or suspected cause.
3. Test whether diseases occur more frequently than in those not similarly exposed.
4. Reserved for testing or preciously formulated hypothesis.
5. Involve a larger number of subjects.
6. Long follow-up period.
7. Not suitable for rare diseases.
8. Relative and attributive risk.
9. Can yield information about more than one disease outcome.
10. Temporal association is proven.
11. Recall bias is not an issue.
12. Expensive.
Epidemiology: 1. Focus on the group (community population). 2. Use quantitative tools for community diagnosis. 3. Take into account all factors which cause diseases. 4. Can form assumptions and hypotheses. 5. Help in public health policy formulation. 6. Quantitative and qualitative science. 7. Can iRead more
Epidemiology:
1. Focus on the group (community population).
2. Use quantitative tools for community diagnosis.
3. Take into account all factors which cause diseases.
4. Can form assumptions and hypotheses.
5. Help in public health policy formulation.
6. Quantitative and qualitative science.
7. Can identify the souse or source of the outbreak.
8. Basic prevention: Primary.
9. Observation.
Clinical Medicine:
1. Focus on an individual (hospital, clinic, etc).
2. Use lab tools for individual diagnosis.
3. Does not take other factors into account.
4. Dose not form an assumption.
5. Can form treatment individual diagram.
6. Not a qualitative science.
7. Can evolute methods.
8. Basic prevention: Secondary and tertiary.
9. Experimental.
Contamination is the presence of a constituent, impurity, or some other undesirable element that spoils, corrupts, infects, makes unfit, or makes inferior a material, physical body, natural environment, workplace, etc.
Contamination is the presence of a constituent, impurity, or some other undesirable element that spoils, corrupts, infects, makes unfit, or makes inferior a material, physical body, natural environment, workplace, etc.
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A pit latrine, also known as pit toilet, is a type of toilet that collects human feces in a hole in the ground. Urine and feces enter the pit through a drop hole in the floor, which might be connected to a toilet seat or squatting pan for user comfort.Pit latrines can be built to function without waRead more
A pit latrine, also known as pit toilet, is a type of toilet that collects human feces in a hole in the ground. Urine and feces enter the pit through a drop hole in the floor, which might be connected to a toilet seat or squatting pan for user comfort.Pit latrines can be built to function without water (dry toilet) or they can have a water seal (pour-flush pit latrine). When properly built and maintained, pit latrines can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from open defecation. This decreases the transfer of pathogens between feces and food by flies. These pathogens are major causes of infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections.
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