Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.
Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.
Tuberculosis infection can cause complications such as: Joint damage Lung damage Infection or damage of your bones, spinal cord, brain, or lymph nodes Liver or kidney problems Inflammation of the tissues around your heart
Tuberculosis infection can cause complications such as:
Joint damage
Lung damage
Infection or damage of your bones, spinal cord, brain, or lymph nodes
Liver or kidney problems
Inflammation of the tissues around your heart
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious illness that mainly affects the lungs. The germs that cause tuberculosis are a type of bacteria. The clinical features of TB can vary depending on the stage of the disease. Here are some common clinical features of active TB disease: - Malaise - Weight loss - Fever - NRead more
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious illness that mainly affects the lungs. The germs that cause tuberculosis are a type of bacteria. The clinical features of TB can vary depending on the stage of the disease. Here are some common clinical features of active TB disease:
– Malaise
– Weight loss
– Fever
– Night sweats
– Cough
– Coughing up blood or mucus
– Chest pain
– Pain with breathing or coughing
– Not wanting to eat
– Tiredness
– Not feeling well in general
It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other illnesses, so it’s important to see a doctor if you are experiencing any of these symptoms.
See lessSlowly growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include: M. africanum M. bovis M. bovis BCG M. canetti M. caprae M. microti M. mungi M. orygis M. pinnipedii M. suricattae M. tuberculosis, the major causeRead more
Slowly growing
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:
M. africanum
M. bovis
M. bovis BCG
M. canetti
M. caprae
M. microti
M. mungi
M. orygis
M. pinnipedii
M. suricattae
M. tuberculosis, the major cause of human tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium complex
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of species that, in a disseminated infection but not lung infection, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients. Species in this complex include:
M. avium
M. avium paratuberculosis, which has been implicated in Crohn’s disease in humans and is the causative agent of Johne’s disease in cattle and sheep
M. avium silvaticum
M. avium “hominissuis”
M. colombiense
M. indicus pranii
M. intracellulare
Mycobacterium gordonae clade
M. asiaticum
M. gordonae
Mycobacterium kansasii clade
M. gastri
M. kansasii
Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade
M. hiberniae
M. icosiumassiliensis
M. nonchromogenicum
M. terrae
M. triviale
Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria
M. ulcerans, which causes the “Buruli”, or “Bairnsdale” ulcer
M. pseudoshottsii
M. shottsii
Mycobacterium simiae clade
M. florentinum
M. genavense
M. heidelbergense
M. interjectum
M. kubicae
M. lentiflavum
M. montefiorense
M. palustre
M. parascrofulaceum
M. simiae
M. triplex
Ungrouped
M. arabiense
M. aromaticivorans
M. aquaticum
M. bacteremicum
M. bohemicum
M. botniense
M. branderi
M. celatum
M. chimaera
M. conspicuum
M. cookii
M. doricum
M. farcinogenes
M. haemophilum
M. heckeshornense
M. intracellulare
M. lacus
M. leprae, which causes leprosy
M. lepraemurium
M. lepromatosis, another (less significant) cause of leprosy, described in 2008
M. liflandii
M. llatzerense
M. malmoense
M. marinum, causes a rare disease called Aquarium granuloma.
M. neoaurum
M. monacense
M. murale
M. nebraskense
M. saskatchewanense
M. sediminis
M. scrofulaceum
M. shimoidei
M. szulgai
Mycobacterium talmoniae
M. tusciae
M. xenopi
M. yongonense
Intermediate growth rate
M. intermedium
Rapidly growing
Mycobacterium abscessus clade
M. abscessus
M. bolletii
M. massiliense
Together they are known as the M. abscessus complex
Mycobacterium chelonae clade
M. chelonae
M. immunogenum
M. stephanolepidis
Mycobacterium fortuitum clade
M. boenickei
M. brisbanense
M. cosmeticum
M. fortuitum
M. fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
M. houstonense
M. mageritense
M. neworleansense
M. peregrinum
M. porcinum
M. senegalense
M. septicum
Mycobacterium mucogenicum clade
Mycobacterium aubagnese
M. mucogenicum
Mycobacterium phocaicum
Mycobacterium parafortuitum clade
M. austroafricanum
M. diernhoferi
M. frederiksbergense
M. hodleri
M. neoaurum
M. parafortuitum
Mycobacterium vaccae clade
M. aurum
M. vaccae
CF (Cystic Fibrosis)
M. chitae
M. fallax
Ungrouped
M. agri
M. aichiense
M. alvei
M. arupense
M. barrassiae
M. brumae
M. canariasense
M. chubuense
M. conceptionense
M. confluentis
M. duvalii
M. elephantis
M. flavescens
M. gadium
M. gilvum
M. hassiacum
M. holsaticum
M. iranicum
M. komossense
M. madagascariense
M. massilipolynesiensis
M. moriokaense
M. obuense
M. phlei
M. psychrotolerans
M. pulveris
M. pyrenivorans
M. smegmatis
M. goodii
M. wolinskyi
M. sphagni
M. thermoresistibile
M. vanbaalenii
Ungrouped
M. arosiense
M. aubagnense
M. chlorophenolicum
M. fluoroanthenivorans
M. kumamotonense
M. novocastrense
M. parmense
M. poriferae
M. rhodesiae
M. seoulense
M. tokaiense
Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinomycetota, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. Over 190 species are recognized in this genus. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) in hRead more
Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinomycetota, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. Over 190 species are recognized in this genus. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) in humans. The Greek prefix myco- means ‘fungus’, alluding to the way mycobacteria have been observed to grow in a mold-like fashion on the surface of cultures. It is acid-fast and cannot be stained by the Gram stain procedure.
Mycobacteria are Gram-positive, catalase positive, non-motile, non-spore forming rod-shaped bacteria (0.2–0.6 μm wide and 1.0–10 μm long). The colony morphology of mycobacteria varies with some species growing as rough or smooth colonies. Colony colour ranges from white to orange or pink (Iivanainen, 1999). Most mycobacteria are aerobic organisms, although some species are microaerophilc (Falkinham, 1996).
The cell walls of mycobacteria are very thick and consist of four layers. The innermost layer is composed of peptidoglycan and the others of lipids. The presence of lipid provides the bacteria with resistance to acid and alkaline environments and renders the cells relatively impermeable to various basic dyes, which need to be combined with phenol to allow penetration of the cell wall. The cell wall composition renders mycobacteria hydrophobic, and as a result these bacteria tend to grow in aggregates that ‘float’ on the surface of liquid media. Detergents, such as Tween® 80 can be added to culture media to disperse the organisms. Certain mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP), can shed their cell walls, forming spheroplasts which are not detected using the acid-fast stain test (Hines and Styer, 2003).
See lessStool culture — A definitive diagnosis of cholera is based on isolation of the organism from clinical samples, which also permits a determination of the antibiotic susceptibility profile. V. cholerae can be isolated from stool using selective media such as thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar or taRead more
Stool culture — A definitive diagnosis of cholera is based on isolation of the organism from clinical samples, which also permits a determination of the antibiotic susceptibility profile. V. cholerae can be isolated from stool using selective media such as thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar or taurocholate tellurite gelatin agar. Once cultured, V. cholerae can be identified by biochemical tests; serogroup and serotype can be assigned by testing with specific antibodies. In settings such as the United States, where cholera is a sporadic illness, the clinical microbiology laboratory should be informed of a suspicion of cholera so that appropriate selective media can be used. These selective media are not routinely used for stool culture.
The recovery of viable V. cholerae from clinical specimens can be enhanced by enrichment in alkaline peptone water . V. cholerae can also persist in a number of standard transport media, including Cary-Blair media, while being transported to a central laboratory from field settings.
Rapid tests and other tools
●Antigen detection − Several rapid antigen detection-based tests are commercially available for diagnosis of cholera. These include immunochromatographic lateral flow devices (dipsticks), such as Crystal VC, which detect the presence of the O1 or O139 antigen in watery diarrheal stools, and Cholkit, which detects only the O1 antigen. In one meta-analysis including 20 studies representing 8 different commercial rapid tests, the combined sensitivity was 90 percent (95% CI 86-93) and the specificity was 86 percent (95% CI 81-90), relative to bacterial culture (the diagnostic gold standard); there was variation across individual studies.
The sensitivity of culture is diminished among individuals who no longer shed viable bacteria in the stool; negative stool culture may be observed in the setting of antibiotic administration and/or coinfection with lytic bacteriophage. The apparent diminished specificity of antigen-based dipstick tests (bacterial culture used as the diagnostic gold standard) may reflect of the limits of bacterial culture. To account for this, one study evaluated the performance of Cholkit, Crystal VC, microbial culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a Bayesian latent class modeling approach; the sensitivity of Cholkit and Crystal VC were 98 percent (95% CI 88-100 percent for both), with specificities of 97 percent (95% CI 89-100 percent) and 98 percent (95% CI 92-100 percent), respectively.
●Molecular tests − Molecular testing for V. cholerae (eg, PCR), including tests that use dried fecal spots, is also feasible; however, thus far practical use of molecular tests has been limited to epidemiologic research and surveillance.
●Darkfield microscopy − Darkfield microscopy of rice-water stools (at 400x magnification) can also be used to evaluate for the presence of highly motile Vibrios, whose shooting star-like motion can be inhibited by the subsequent addition of specific antibodies [52]. Darkfield microscopy is quite specific for V. cholerae but lacks sufficient sensitivity to be used reliably for diagnosis.
See lessThe pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae is as follows: The infection due to V. cholera is acquired due to the ingestion of contaminated food and drinks. Vibrio are highly susceptible to acids and gastric acidity provides an effective barrier against small doses of cholera vibrios. Once the bacteria reacRead more
The pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae is as follows: The infection due to V. cholera is acquired due to the ingestion of contaminated food and drinks. Vibrio are highly susceptible to acids and gastric acidity provides an effective barrier against small doses of cholera vibrios. Once the bacteria reach the small intestine, they multiply and produce cholera toxin. The toxin causes the cells lining the small intestine to secrete large amounts of water and electrolytes into the lumen of the intestine, leading to profuse watery diarrhea.
See lessThings that can cause you to make too much urine include: 1. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 2. Diabetes insipidus. 3. Pregnancy. 4. Kidney disease or failure. 5. Liver disease. 6. Cushing's syndrome. 7. Hypercalcemia. 8. Hypercalcemia. 9. Medications. Different drugs can lead to polyuria: Calcium channRead more
Things that can cause you to make too much urine include:
1. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
2. Diabetes insipidus.
3. Pregnancy.
4. Kidney disease or failure.
5. Liver disease.
6. Cushing’s syndrome.
7. Hypercalcemia.
8. Hypercalcemia.
9. Medications. Different drugs can lead to polyuria: Calcium channel blockers. Diuretics. Lithium. SSRIs. Tetracycline. Demeclocycline, a form of this antibiotic.
10. Alcohol.
11. Caffeine.
Polyuria has generally been defined as a urine output exceeding 3 L/day in adults and 2 L/m2 in children.
Polyuria has generally been defined as a urine output exceeding 3 L/day in adults and 2 L/m2 in children.
See lessDifferent types of dermatophytosis affect the body in different ways. Some types are mild, but some of them are serious. The common types of dermatophytosis include: 1. Tinea Pedis: Tinea pedis, also called Athlete's foot, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by fungus. It may infect any paRead more
Different types of dermatophytosis affect the body in different ways. Some types are mild, but some of them are serious. The common types of dermatophytosis include:
1. Tinea Pedis: Tinea pedis, also called Athlete’s foot, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by fungus. It may infect any part of the foot, but most often occurs between the toes (interdigital), with the space between the fourth and fifth digits most commonly afflicted.
2. Tinea Unguium: Tinea unguium, also known as Onychomycosis, is a fungal infection of the nail. Typical symptoms include white or yellow nail discoloration, thickening of the nail, and separation of the nail from the nail bed. Older people are affected more frequently, and males are affected more often than females.
3. Tinea Corporis: Tinea corporis also called tinea circinata and tinea glabrosa, is a superficial fungal infection of the arms and legs, especially on glabrous skin. Tinea corporis usually affects exposed skin but also might be spread from other infected sites. It can be acute (sudden onset and rapid spread) or chronic (slow extension of a mild, barely inflamed, rash).
4. Tinea Cruris: Tinea cruris, also referred to jock itch, is a fungal infection in the groin area in either sex, but more often in males. The infection results in itching or red with flaking skin.
5. Tinea Manuum: Tinea manuum or tinea manus, is a fungal infection of the hand. It is more aggressive than tinea pedis but similar in look. The observed symptoms in tinea manuum patients are itching, burning, cracking, and scaling.
6. Tinea Capitis: Tinea capitis, also known as herpes tonsurans and scalp ringworm, is a cutaneous fungal infection of the scalp. Its typical presentation is single or multiple patches of hair loss that may be accompanied by inflammation, scaling, pustules, and itching. Tinea manuum is predominantly seen in pre-pubertal children.
7. Tinea Barbae: Tinea barbae, also called Barber’s itch, is a fungal infection of the hair due to the infection around the bearded area of men. The transmission of tinea barbae is more often from animal to human than human to human.
8. Tinea Faciei: Tinea faciei is a fungal infection of the face. It usually results in a red rash on the face, followed by patches of small, raised bumps, and the skin may peel after treatment. Tinea faciei can spread easily to any region of the skin.
9. Tinea Versicolor: Tinea versicolor, also called pityriasis Versicolor, is a fungal infection of the skin. It is caused by yeast, and predominantly in adolescents and young adults. Tinea versicolor gets worse in hot, humid climates and may disappear during cool weather.
10. Tinea Nigra: Tinea nigra is a superficial mold infection of the stratum corneum that causes dark brown to black painless patches on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Its clinical presentation is a single painless sharply demarcated brown to black macule on the palmar surface of the hand or finger or on the plantar surface of the foot or other sites.
See less
There are two kinds of tests used to detect TB bacteria in the body: 1. The TB skin test (TST). 2. The TB blood tests. (A positive TB skin test or TB blood test only tells that a person has been infected with TB bacteria. It does not tell whether the person has latent TB infection (LTBI) or has progRead more
There are two kinds of tests used to detect TB bacteria in the body:
See less1. The TB skin test (TST).
2. The TB blood tests.
(A positive TB skin test or TB blood test only tells that a person has been infected with TB bacteria. It does not tell whether the person has latent TB infection (LTBI) or has progressed to TB disease.)
3. Chest x-ray.
4. Sample of sputum, are needed to see whether the person has TB disease.