Public Health

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: ,
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autoclavesterilization
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1. Surgical Instruments. 2. Glassware. 3. Autoclavable Plastic Ware. 4. Centrifuge Tubes. 5. Pipette Tips. 6. Chemical Solutions. 7. Water (commonly used for animal consumption). 8. Animal Food and Bedding. 9. Biomedical Waste. 10. Hospital Linens.

    1. Surgical Instruments.
    2. Glassware.
    3. Autoclavable Plastic Ware.
    4. Centrifuge Tubes.
    5. Pipette Tips.
    6. Chemical Solutions.
    7. Water (commonly used for animal consumption).
    8. Animal Food and Bedding.
    9. Biomedical Waste.
    10. Hospital Linens.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: ,
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chemicalsdisinfectant
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1. Alcohol. 2. Chlorine and chlorine compounds. 3. Formaldehyde. 4. Glutaraldehyde. 5. Hydrogen peroxide. 6. Iodophors. 7. Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA). 8. Peracetic acid. 9. Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. 10. Phenolics. 11. Quaternary ammonium compounds.

    1. Alcohol.
    2. Chlorine and chlorine compounds.
    3. Formaldehyde.
    4. Glutaraldehyde.
    5. Hydrogen peroxide.
    6. Iodophors.
    7. Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA).
    8. Peracetic acid.
    9. Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
    10. Phenolics.
    11. Quaternary ammonium compounds.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
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diagnosisneisseria meningitidis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1. Gram Stain: In a Gram-stained smear of centrifuged deposit of specimen (CSF or sterile body fluid), N. meningitidis appear as Gram-negative, coffee-bean-shaped diplococci occurring intracellularly or extracellularly in PMN leukocytes. 2. Culture: Isolation of N. meningitidis (from blood, CSF, orRead more

    1. Gram Stain: In a Gram-stained smear of centrifuged deposit of specimen (CSF or sterile body fluid), N. meningitidis appear as Gram-negative, coffee-bean-shaped diplococci occurring intracellularly or extracellularly in PMN leukocytes.

    2. Culture: Isolation of N. meningitidis (from blood, CSF, or other normally sterile sites) remains the gold standard as it also provides isolates for strain differentiation and susceptibility testing.

    Since meningococci are fastidious, samples from sterile body sites are inoculated on either blood or chocolate agar. The chocolate agar base can be enriched with antibiotics such as vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim for selective isolation of N. meningitidis. For culture from non-sterile sites such as the nasopharynx, a selective media such as Modified New York City or Modified Thayer Martin medium is required. Culture plates should be incubated for a minimum of 48 hours with a source of 5% CO2. On Blood agar, young colonies of N. meningitidis are round, smooth, moist, glistening, and convex, with a clearly defined edge whereas actively growing colonies are grey and unpigmented. Older cultures (> 24 hours) become more opaquely grey and sometimes cause the underlying agar to turn dark.

    3. Serological tests: Several serological tests, such as enzyme immunoassay, latex agglutination, and rapid diagnostic tests, are available to detect antibodies against capsular antigens of Neisseria meningitidis. Serological tests help in the retrospective diagnosis of disease. Antibodies are also seen when vaccination is successful and in cases of chronic meningococcemia.

    4. Molecular diagnosis: PCR-based diagnosis provides confirmation of meningococcal disease from blood, CSF, or other normally sterile sites with a validity comparable to that of culture-based diagnosis.

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diagnosislab diagnosisuti
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    UTIs can be diagnosed by analyzing a patient’s urine sample. The two most common tests to detect UTIs are a urinalysis and a urine culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 1. Urinalysis: A urinalysis is a group of physical, chemical, and microscopic tests on a sample of urine. These testsRead more

    UTIs can be diagnosed by analyzing a patient’s urine sample. The two most common tests to detect UTIs are a urinalysis and a urine culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing:

    1. Urinalysis: A urinalysis is a group of physical, chemical, and microscopic tests on a sample of urine. These tests look for evidence of infection, such as bacteria and white blood cells.

    2. Urine culture: This is a test that detects and identifies specific bacteria and yeast in a patient’s urine that may be causing a UTI. Urine cultures can also help doctors determine the best antibiotic for treating a UTI.

    3. Susceptibility testing: Susceptibility testing measures how sensitive the bacteria is to an antibiotic or antifungal drug. This helps doctors determine which treatment is most appropriate.

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characteristicsenterobacteriaceae
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Some of the common characteristics of Enterobacteria are: 1. Gram-negative. 2. Rod-shaped (usually short bacilli; about 1 – 5 μm). 3. Facultatively anaerobic. 4. Non-sporing. 5. Mostly motile with peritrichous flagella, ( most species in the genera Klebsiella and Shigella are non-motile). 6. CatalasRead more

    Some of the common characteristics of Enterobacteria are:

    1. Gram-negative.
    2. Rod-shaped (usually short bacilli; about 1 – 5 μm).
    3. Facultatively anaerobic.
    4. Non-sporing.
    5. Mostly motile with peritrichous flagella, ( most species in the genera Klebsiella and Shigella are non-motile).
    6. Catalase positive, oxidase negative.
    7. Both lactose fermenters and non-fermenter.
    8. Usually, acid-producing.
    9. Usually, nitrate-reducing.
    10. Characteristic antigens are known as enterobacterial common antigens (ECA). The outer membrane (O), flagella (H), and capsule (K) are antigens in most enterobacteria.

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diagnosise.coli
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The most important diagnostic characteristic is the ability of the E. coli strain to produce the Shiga toxin Stx2. Therefore, the stools should be assayed with a sensitive and specific test that detects the toxin gene stx2 or the isolation of the pathogen with the detection of Stx2 production or theRead more

    The most important diagnostic characteristic is the ability of the E. coli strain to produce the Shiga toxin Stx2. Therefore, the stools should be assayed with a sensitive and specific test that detects the toxin gene stx2 or the isolation of the pathogen with the detection of Stx2 production or the gene encoding it. The detection of Stx using ELISA directly from stool has a low specificity.

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diagnosistyphoid
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1. Body fluid or tissue culture: For the culture, a small sample of your blood, stool, urine, or bone marrow is placed on a special medium that encourages the growth of bacteria. The culture is checked under a microscope for the presence of typhoid bacteria. A bone marrow culture often is the most sRead more

    1. Body fluid or tissue culture:
    For the culture, a small sample of your blood, stool, urine, or bone marrow is placed on a special medium that encourages the growth of bacteria. The culture is checked under a microscope for the presence of typhoid bacteria. A bone marrow culture often is the most sensitive test for Salmonella typhi.

    Although performing a culture test is the most common diagnostic test, another testing may be used to confirm a suspected typhoid fever infection, such as a test to detect antibodies to typhoid bacteria in your blood, or a test that checks for typhoid DNA in your blood.

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dermatophytesdiagnosis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Diagnostic Methods for Dermatophyte Infections: 1. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy: Values: aids in visualizing hyphae and confirming the diagnosis of dermatophyte infection Procedure: obtain scale from the active border of a lesion, pull out several loose hairs from the affected area or, in thRead more

    Diagnostic Methods for Dermatophyte Infections:

    1. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy:
    Values: aids in visualizing hyphae and confirming the diagnosis of dermatophyte infection Procedure: obtain scale from the active border of a lesion, pull out several loose hairs from the affected area or, in the case of nails, obtain subungual debris. A moist cotton swab rubbed vigorously over the active border of a lesion works as well as a scalpel blade and is safer. Transfer the scale, hair, or debris to a glass slide, and add a few drops of 10% to 20% KOH. For nail material or hair, gently warm the slide. The wet-mount preparation is then examined under a microscope (×400) with back-and-forth rotation of the focus knobs. This technique aids the visualization of hyphae (branching, rod-shaped filaments of uniform width with lines of separation [septa]). In tinea capitis, the hair shaft may be uniformly coated with minute dermatophyte spores.

    2. Wood’s lamp examination (ultraviolet light):
    Value: generally of limited usefulness, because most dermatophytes currently seen in the United States do not fluoresce; may have value in the following situations: For diagnosing a brown, scaly rash in the scrotum or axilla: erythrasma, caused by the bacterium corynebacterium minutissimum, fluoresces a brilliant coral red, whereas tinea cruris or cutaneous candidal infections do not fluoresce.
    For diagnosing tinea (pityriasis) Versicolor, which fluoresces pale yellow to white
    For diagnosing tinea capitis caused by two zoophilic Microsporum species that fluoresce blue-green.

    3. Fungal culture:
    Value: slow and expensive, but useful to confirm the diagnosis of onychomycosis when long-term oral therapy is being considered
    Procedure*: Skin, nail, or hair scrapings are sent in a sterile container for inoculation on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar by a hospital or reference laboratory. The culture usually takes 7 to 14 days to be declared positive; it must be held for 21 days to be declared negative.

    4. Skin or nail biopsy:
    Value: may guide treatment decisions when the diagnosis is difficult to establish, a dermatophyte infection has not responded to previous treatment, or KOH microscopy is negative in a patient with dystrophic nails.

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classificationsclinical typesdermatophytestypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Different types of dermatophytosis affect the body in different ways. Some types are mild, but some of them are serious. The common types of dermatophytosis include: 1. Tinea Pedis: Tinea pedis, also called Athlete's foot, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by fungus. It may infect any paRead more

    Different types of dermatophytosis affect the body in different ways. Some types are mild, but some of them are serious. The common types of dermatophytosis include:

    1. Tinea Pedis: Tinea pedis, also called Athlete’s foot, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by fungus. It may infect any part of the foot, but most often occurs between the toes (interdigital), with the space between the fourth and fifth digits most commonly afflicted.

    2. Tinea Unguium: Tinea unguium, also known as Onychomycosis, is a fungal infection of the nail. Typical symptoms include white or yellow nail discoloration, thickening of the nail, and separation of the nail from the nail bed. Older people are affected more frequently, and males are affected more often than females.

    3. Tinea Corporis: Tinea corporis also called tinea circinata and tinea glabrosa, is a superficial fungal infection of the arms and legs, especially on glabrous skin. Tinea corporis usually affects exposed skin but also might be spread from other infected sites. It can be acute (sudden onset and rapid spread) or chronic (slow extension of a mild, barely inflamed, rash).

    4. Tinea Cruris: Tinea cruris, also referred to jock itch, is a fungal infection in the groin area in either sex, but more often in males. The infection results in itching or red with flaking skin.

    5. Tinea Manuum: Tinea manuum or tinea manus, is a fungal infection of the hand. It is more aggressive than tinea pedis but similar in look. The observed symptoms in tinea manuum patients are itching, burning, cracking, and scaling.

    6. Tinea Capitis: Tinea capitis, also known as herpes tonsurans and scalp ringworm, is a cutaneous fungal infection of the scalp. Its typical presentation is single or multiple patches of hair loss that may be accompanied by inflammation, scaling, pustules, and itching. Tinea manuum is predominantly seen in pre-pubertal children.

    7. Tinea Barbae: Tinea barbae, also called Barber’s itch, is a fungal infection of the hair due to the infection around the bearded area of men. The transmission of tinea barbae is more often from animal to human than human to human.

    8. Tinea Faciei: Tinea faciei is a fungal infection of the face. It usually results in a red rash on the face, followed by patches of small, raised bumps, and the skin may peel after treatment. Tinea faciei can spread easily to any region of the skin.

    9. Tinea Versicolor: Tinea versicolor, also called pityriasis Versicolor, is a fungal infection of the skin. It is caused by yeast, and predominantly in adolescents and young adults. Tinea versicolor gets worse in hot, humid climates and may disappear during cool weather.

    10. Tinea Nigra: Tinea nigra is a superficial mold infection of the stratum corneum that causes dark brown to black painless patches on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Its clinical presentation is a single painless sharply demarcated brown to black macule on the palmar surface of the hand or finger or on the plantar surface of the foot or other sites.

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diseasesiceberg phenomenon
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Teacher dr.basuriwala

    The Iceberg phenomenon of disease gives a picture of the spectrum of diseases in a community. The visible part of the iceberg denotes the clinically apparent cases of a disease in the community. The part of the iceberg below the water level denoted the latent, subclinical, undiagnosed, and carrier sRead more

    The Iceberg phenomenon of disease gives a picture of the spectrum of diseases in a community. The visible part of the iceberg denotes the clinically apparent cases of a disease in the community. The part of the iceberg below the water level denoted the latent, subclinical, undiagnosed, and carrier status in the community, which forms the major part. The hidden part is especially important in diseases like hypertension, diabetes, and malnutrition. Some diseases exhibiting iceberg phenomenon:

    1. Diabetes.
    2. Hypertension.
    3. Malnutrition.
    4. Polio.
    5. Leprosy.

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