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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
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choleravibrio cholerae
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae is as follows: The infection due to V. cholera is acquired due to the ingestion of contaminated food and drinks. Vibrio are highly susceptible to acids and gastric acidity provides an effective barrier against small doses of cholera vibrios. Once the bacteria reacRead more

    The pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae is as follows: The infection due to V. cholera is acquired due to the ingestion of contaminated food and drinks. Vibrio are highly susceptible to acids and gastric acidity provides an effective barrier against small doses of cholera vibrios. Once the bacteria reach the small intestine, they multiply and produce cholera toxin. The toxin causes the cells lining the small intestine to secrete large amounts of water and electrolytes into the lumen of the intestine, leading to profuse watery diarrhea.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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polyuria
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Things that can cause you to make too much urine include: 1. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 2. Diabetes insipidus. 3. Pregnancy. 4. Kidney disease or failure. 5. Liver disease. 6. Cushing's syndrome. 7. Hypercalcemia. 8. Hypercalcemia. 9. Medications. Different drugs can lead to polyuria: Calcium channRead more

    Things that can cause you to make too much urine include:

    1. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
    2. Diabetes insipidus.
    3. Pregnancy.
    4. Kidney disease or failure.
    5. Liver disease.
    6. Cushing’s syndrome.
    7. Hypercalcemia.
    8. Hypercalcemia.
    9. Medications. Different drugs can lead to polyuria: Calcium channel blockers. Diuretics. Lithium. SSRIs. Tetracycline. Demeclocycline, a form of this antibiotic.
    10. Alcohol.
    11. Caffeine.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
Nasim

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classificationsclinical typesdermatophytestypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Different types of dermatophytosis affect the body in different ways. Some types are mild, but some of them are serious. The common types of dermatophytosis include: 1. Tinea Pedis: Tinea pedis, also called Athlete's foot, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by fungus. It may infect any paRead more

    Different types of dermatophytosis affect the body in different ways. Some types are mild, but some of them are serious. The common types of dermatophytosis include:

    1. Tinea Pedis: Tinea pedis, also called Athlete’s foot, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by fungus. It may infect any part of the foot, but most often occurs between the toes (interdigital), with the space between the fourth and fifth digits most commonly afflicted.

    2. Tinea Unguium: Tinea unguium, also known as Onychomycosis, is a fungal infection of the nail. Typical symptoms include white or yellow nail discoloration, thickening of the nail, and separation of the nail from the nail bed. Older people are affected more frequently, and males are affected more often than females.

    3. Tinea Corporis: Tinea corporis also called tinea circinata and tinea glabrosa, is a superficial fungal infection of the arms and legs, especially on glabrous skin. Tinea corporis usually affects exposed skin but also might be spread from other infected sites. It can be acute (sudden onset and rapid spread) or chronic (slow extension of a mild, barely inflamed, rash).

    4. Tinea Cruris: Tinea cruris, also referred to jock itch, is a fungal infection in the groin area in either sex, but more often in males. The infection results in itching or red with flaking skin.

    5. Tinea Manuum: Tinea manuum or tinea manus, is a fungal infection of the hand. It is more aggressive than tinea pedis but similar in look. The observed symptoms in tinea manuum patients are itching, burning, cracking, and scaling.

    6. Tinea Capitis: Tinea capitis, also known as herpes tonsurans and scalp ringworm, is a cutaneous fungal infection of the scalp. Its typical presentation is single or multiple patches of hair loss that may be accompanied by inflammation, scaling, pustules, and itching. Tinea manuum is predominantly seen in pre-pubertal children.

    7. Tinea Barbae: Tinea barbae, also called Barber’s itch, is a fungal infection of the hair due to the infection around the bearded area of men. The transmission of tinea barbae is more often from animal to human than human to human.

    8. Tinea Faciei: Tinea faciei is a fungal infection of the face. It usually results in a red rash on the face, followed by patches of small, raised bumps, and the skin may peel after treatment. Tinea faciei can spread easily to any region of the skin.

    9. Tinea Versicolor: Tinea versicolor, also called pityriasis Versicolor, is a fungal infection of the skin. It is caused by yeast, and predominantly in adolescents and young adults. Tinea versicolor gets worse in hot, humid climates and may disappear during cool weather.

    10. Tinea Nigra: Tinea nigra is a superficial mold infection of the stratum corneum that causes dark brown to black painless patches on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Its clinical presentation is a single painless sharply demarcated brown to black macule on the palmar surface of the hand or finger or on the plantar surface of the foot or other sites.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
Nasim

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candidiasis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    There are several laboratory tests that can be used to diagnose candidiasis. The most common test is a **blood culture test**, which checks if Candida grows from a blood sample. Other tests include **mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibody test**, which detects a carbohydrate in the cell wall of CanRead more

    There are several laboratory tests that can be used to diagnose candidiasis. The most common test is a **blood culture test**, which checks if Candida grows from a blood sample. Other tests include **mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibody test**, which detects a carbohydrate in the cell wall of Candida, and **organic acids urine test**, which measures the metabolites of Candida in the body. For candida in the mouth or throat, a visual examination or a small sample from the area may be enough. For candida in the esophagus, an **endoscopy** may be needed.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
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candidiasis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida. Some species of Candida can cause infection in people; the most common is Candida albicans. Candida normally lives on the skin and inside the body, such as the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, without causing problRead more

    Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida. Some species of Candida can cause infection in people; the most common is Candida albicans. Candida normally lives on the skin and inside the body, such as the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, without causing problems. However, it can cause infections if it grows out of control or if it enters deep into the body.

    The clinical features of candidiasis vary according to the type of candidal infection. For example:
    1. Pseudomembranous oral candidiasis (oral thrush) presents with patches of curd-like, white, or yellowish plaques that can occur anywhere in the mouth, especially the cheeks, gums, palate, and tongue.
    2. Signs and symptoms of invasive candidiasis are often non-specific and include fever and chills that do not respond to antibacterial treatment. Candidemia is the most common form of invasive candidiasis.
    Other forms include endocarditis, peritonitis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, and endophthalmitis.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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candidiasis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida. Some species of Candida can cause infection in people; the most common is Candida albicans. Candida normally lives on skin and inside the body, such as the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, without causing problems.Read more

    Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida. Some species of Candida can cause infection in people; the most common is Candida albicans. Candida normally lives on skin and inside the body, such as the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, without causing problems. Candida can cause infections if it grows out of control or if it enters deep into the body. For example, it can cause infections in the bloodstream or internal organs like the kidney, heart, or brain.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
Nasim

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fungi
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Fungal infections, or mycosis, are diseases caused by a fungus (yeast or mold). Fungal infections are most common on your skin or nails, but fungi can also cause infections in your mouth, throat, lungs, urinary tract, and many other parts of your body. Fungi are living things that are classified sepRead more

    Fungal infections, or mycosis, are diseases caused by a fungus (yeast or mold). Fungal infections are most common on your skin or nails, but fungi can also cause infections in your mouth, throat, lungs, urinary tract, and many other parts of your body. Fungi are living things that are classified separately from plants or animals. They move around by spreading out or sending spores (reproductive parts) into the air or environment. Many fungi live naturally in our body (mouth, GI tract, skin) but can overgrow under certain circumstances.

    The symptoms of fungal infection will depend on the type, but common symptoms include skin changes, including cracking or peeling skin and itching. You’re at higher risk for fungal infections if you have a weakened immune system.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
Nasim

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dermatophytesdiagnosis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Diagnostic Methods for Dermatophyte Infections: 1. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy: Values: aids in visualizing hyphae and confirming the diagnosis of dermatophyte infection Procedure: obtain scale from the active border of a lesion, pull out several loose hairs from the affected area or, in thRead more

    Diagnostic Methods for Dermatophyte Infections:

    1. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy:
    Values: aids in visualizing hyphae and confirming the diagnosis of dermatophyte infection Procedure: obtain scale from the active border of a lesion, pull out several loose hairs from the affected area or, in the case of nails, obtain subungual debris. A moist cotton swab rubbed vigorously over the active border of a lesion works as well as a scalpel blade and is safer. Transfer the scale, hair, or debris to a glass slide, and add a few drops of 10% to 20% KOH. For nail material or hair, gently warm the slide. The wet-mount preparation is then examined under a microscope (×400) with back-and-forth rotation of the focus knobs. This technique aids the visualization of hyphae (branching, rod-shaped filaments of uniform width with lines of separation [septa]). In tinea capitis, the hair shaft may be uniformly coated with minute dermatophyte spores.

    2. Wood’s lamp examination (ultraviolet light):
    Value: generally of limited usefulness, because most dermatophytes currently seen in the United States do not fluoresce; may have value in the following situations: For diagnosing a brown, scaly rash in the scrotum or axilla: erythrasma, caused by the bacterium corynebacterium minutissimum, fluoresces a brilliant coral red, whereas tinea cruris or cutaneous candidal infections do not fluoresce.
    For diagnosing tinea (pityriasis) Versicolor, which fluoresces pale yellow to white
    For diagnosing tinea capitis caused by two zoophilic Microsporum species that fluoresce blue-green.

    3. Fungal culture:
    Value: slow and expensive, but useful to confirm the diagnosis of onychomycosis when long-term oral therapy is being considered
    Procedure*: Skin, nail, or hair scrapings are sent in a sterile container for inoculation on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar by a hospital or reference laboratory. The culture usually takes 7 to 14 days to be declared positive; it must be held for 21 days to be declared negative.

    4. Skin or nail biopsy:
    Value: may guide treatment decisions when the diagnosis is difficult to establish, a dermatophyte infection has not responded to previous treatment, or KOH microscopy is negative in a patient with dystrophic nails.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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fungi
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Types of Fungi: There are five phyla of fungi: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. The following is a brief description of each phylum: 1. Chytridiomycota: Chytrids, the organisms found in Chytridiomycota, are usually aquatic and microscopic. They are usually aRead more

    Types of Fungi: There are five phyla of fungi: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
    The following is a brief description of each phylum:

    1. Chytridiomycota: Chytrids, the organisms found in Chytridiomycota, are usually aquatic and microscopic. They are usually asexual, and produce spores that move around using flagella, small tail-like appendages. The chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis can cause a fungal infection in frogs by burrowing under their skin, and it has recently devastated populations of harlequin frogs, killing off two-thirds of them in Central and South America.

    2. Zygomycota: Zygomycetes are mainly terrestrial and feed off of plant detritus or decaying animal material. They also cause problems by growing on human food sources. One example of a zygomycte is Rhizopus stolonifer, a bread mold. The hyphae of zygomycetes are not separated by septa, making their mycelia essentially one large cell with many nuclei. They usually reproduce asexually, through spores.

    3. Glomeromycota: Glomeromycetes make up half of all fungi found in soil, and they often form mycorrhizae with plants; in fact, 80-90 percent of all land plants develop mycorrhizae with glomeromycetes. The fungi obtain sugars from the plant, and in return, dissolve minerals in the soil to provide the plant with nutrients. These fungi also reproduce asexually.

    4. Ascomycota: Ascomycetes are often pathogens of plants and animals, including humans, in which they are responsible for infections like athlete’s foot, ringworm, and ergotism, which causes vomiting, convulsions, hallucinations, and sometimes even death. However, some ascomycetes normally are found inside humans, such as Candida albicans, a yeast which lives in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and female reproductive tracts. Ascomycetes have reproductive sacs known as asci, which produce sexual spores, but they also reproduce asexually.

    5. Basidiomycota: Like ascomycetes, basidiomycetes also produce sexual spores called basidiospores in cells called basidia. Basidia are usually club-shaped, and basidiomycetes are also known as club fungi. Most basidiocytes reproduce sexually. Mushrooms are a common example of basidiomycetes.

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