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Asked: 3 years agoIn: ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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complicationsenlarged thyroid
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    An enlarged thyroid gland, also known as a goiter, can cause several complications, including: Compression of the surrounding structures: A large goiter can put pressure on the trachea or esophagus, leading to difficulty breathing or swallowing. Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism: An enlarged thyroidRead more

    An enlarged thyroid gland, also known as a goiter, can cause several complications, including:

    Compression of the surrounding structures: A large goiter can put pressure on the trachea or esophagus, leading to difficulty breathing or swallowing.

    Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism: An enlarged thyroid can sometimes indicate an underlying thyroid disorder such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes, or palpitations.

    Thyroid nodules: Goiters are often associated with the development of thyroid nodules, which are growths within the thyroid gland. Some of these nodules may be cancerous and require further evaluation.

    Cosmetic concerns: A large goiter can be unsightly and cause distress to the affected individual.

    Psychological distress: Living with a visible goiter can affect a person’s self-esteem and lead to psychological distress.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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cardio-spasm
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    "Cardiospasm" is a term that is sometimes used to refer to a type of muscle spasm in the wall of the esophagus that interferes with the normal passage of food to the stomach. This type of spasm can cause difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and chest pain. Cardiospasm is also known as esophageal spasm,Read more

    “Cardiospasm” is a term that is sometimes used to refer to a type of muscle spasm in the wall of the esophagus that interferes with the normal passage of food to the stomach. This type of spasm can cause difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and chest pain. Cardiospasm is also known as esophageal spasm, and it is considered a type of esophageal motility disorder. The exact cause of cardiospasm is unknown, but it has been associated with stress, anxiety, and other factors that can affect the muscles and nerves of the esophagus. Treatment for cardiospasm may include medications, changes to eating habits, and lifestyle changes. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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aetiologycardio-spasmcauses
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Cardiospasm, also known as esophageal spasm, is a condition in which the muscle contractions in the esophagus become uncoordinated and irregular, causing pain and difficulty swallowing. The exact cause of cardiospasm is often unknown, but there are several factors that can contribute to its developmRead more

    Cardiospasm, also known as esophageal spasm, is a condition in which the muscle contractions in the esophagus become uncoordinated and irregular, causing pain and difficulty swallowing. The exact cause of cardiospasm is often unknown, but there are several factors that can contribute to its development, including:

    1. Abnormalities in the muscles or nerves of the esophagus
    2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
    3. Anxiety or stress
    4. Chronic swallowing of air
    5. Previous injury to the esophagus
    6. Scleroderma, a condition that affects the connective tissue in the body
    7. Certain medications, such as nitrates and anti-inflammatory drugs

    It’s important to note that many people with cardiospasm have no obvious underlying cause. If you are experiencing symptoms of cardiospasm, it is recommended that you seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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common siteosteosarcoma
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that most commonly occurs in the long bones of the body, particularly in the area around the knee. It is more commonly diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. The pathology of osteosarcoma is characterized by the presence of malignant bone-forming cells thatRead more

    Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that most commonly occurs in the long bones of the body, particularly in the area around the knee. It is more commonly diagnosed in adolescents and young adults.

    The pathology of osteosarcoma is characterized by the presence of malignant bone-forming cells that produce osteoid tissue (bone matrix without mineralization) and tumor giant cells. The neoplastic cells have a high rate of division and eventually form a mass (tumor) that destroys the normal bone structure. The resulting destruction of the normal bone architecture and formation of new, abnormal bone can be seen on X-rays and other imaging studies.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bone tumourclassificationstypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Bone tumors can be classified into two broad categories: benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous). Within these categories, bone tumors can be further classified based on their histological characteristics, such as cell type, tissue structure, and growth patterns. Benign bone tumors: These tRead more

    Bone tumors can be classified into two broad categories: benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous). Within these categories, bone tumors can be further classified based on their histological characteristics, such as cell type, tissue structure, and growth patterns.

    Benign bone tumors: These tumors do not spread to other parts of the body and are not life-threatening. Examples include osteochondroma, osteoid osteoma, and giant cell tumor of bone.

    Malignant bone tumors: These tumors are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma.

    In addition, bone tumors can be classified based on the type of tissue they originate from, including bone, cartilage, or muscle.

    It’s important to note that a proper diagnosis of a bone tumor can only be made by a qualified medical professional after a thorough evaluation, which may include imaging tests and biopsy.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Pundit

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idealism
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Idealism is a philosophical and political perspective that asserts that reality is ultimately based on ideas, rather than material objects and physical sensations. In idealism, ideas, thoughts, and consciousness are considered the primary components of reality, and objects in the physical world areRead more

    Idealism is a philosophical and political perspective that asserts that reality is ultimately based on ideas, rather than material objects and physical sensations. In idealism, ideas, thoughts, and consciousness are considered the primary components of reality, and objects in the physical world are seen as mere representations of these mental states.

    In the realm of politics and ethics, idealism often involves the pursuit of high moral principles and values, such as truth, justice, and equality. Idealists believe that these ideals can guide individuals and societies toward a better future and that it is possible to create a just and harmonious world through the realization of these ideals.

    There are different forms of idealism, including philosophical idealism, ethical idealism, and political idealism. Each of these forms of idealism emphasizes different aspects of the idea that reality is rooted in mental states, but they all share the belief that ideas and ideals play a central role in shaping the world.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Teacher

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materialism
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Materialism is a philosophical and economic theory that views matter and physical processes as the basis of all reality and that everything, including human thoughts and feelings, can be explained in terms of material causes and interactions. In a philosophical sense, materialism is often contrastedRead more

    Materialism is a philosophical and economic theory that views matter and physical processes as the basis of all reality and that everything, including human thoughts and feelings, can be explained in terms of material causes and interactions.

    In a philosophical sense, materialism is often contrasted with dualism, the belief that mind and matter are distinct and separate entities, and idealism, the belief that reality is primarily mental or spiritual in nature.

    In an economic sense, materialism refers to a society or culture in which acquiring material possessions and consumer goods is highly valued, and people are seen as defined by the things they own. This kind of materialism can have negative effects on individuals and society, such as leading to consumer debt and environmental degradation.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Teacher

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susceptibility
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The concept of removing susceptibility to a disease is a complex one, as the causes of susceptibility can be multi-factorial and can vary from person to person. However, some general ways that can help reduce susceptibility to illness include: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: This includes eating aRead more

    The concept of removing susceptibility to a disease is a complex one, as the causes of susceptibility can be multi-factorial and can vary from person to person. However, some general ways that can help reduce susceptibility to illness include:

    Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: This includes eating a balanced diet, getting regular physical activity, managing stress, getting enough sleep, and avoiding unhealthy habits such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

    Strengthening the immune system: This can be done by taking steps to improve overall health, such as getting vaccinated, reducing stress, and avoiding exposure to known toxins or pathogens.

    Reducing exposure to harmful agents: This can include avoiding exposure to pollutants, pesticides, and other harmful chemicals, as well as reducing exposure to infectious agents by practicing good hygiene and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

    Taking preventive measures: This can include getting regular check-ups, screening tests, and taking steps to prevent the onset or progression of chronic conditions, such as controlling high blood pressure or managing diabetes.

    It’s important to remember that the best way to reduce susceptibility to illness will vary from person to person, and will depend on a number of factors such as age, health status, and lifestyle. It’s always a good idea to speak with a healthcare professional to determine the best approach for you.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Pundit

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homoeopathic aggravation
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Homoeopathic aggravation is a term used in homoeopathy to describe certain symptoms that can appear when a remedy is taken. It is a natural phenomenon that is a part of the healing process and is not something to be feared. Aggravations usually occur as a result of the body’s energetic response to tRead more

    Homoeopathic aggravation is a term used in homoeopathy to describe certain symptoms that can appear when a remedy is taken. It is a natural phenomenon that is a part of the healing process and is not something to be feared. Aggravations usually occur as a result of the body’s energetic response to the remedy, which is believed to stimulate the body’s healing process.

    A homoeopathic aggravation can be defined as a temporary intensification of symptoms or an increase in the intensity of existing symptoms that occur after a patient has taken a homoeopathic remedy. A homoeopathic aggravation is believed to be an indication that the remedy is working and that the healing process has begun.

    Homoeopathic aggravations are most often associated with the use of potentized remedies, although they can also occur with the use of lower potencies. The intensity of the aggravation depends on the potency of the remedy and the sensitivity of the patient.

    Homoeopathic remedies are traditionally prepared by a process of dilution and succussion, which is believed to increase their energetic potency. As the potency of a remedy increases, so does the chance of an aggravation occurring.

    Homoeopathic aggravations can be recognized by the sudden intensification of symptoms that occur after taking a remedy. Symptoms may include an increase in intensity of existing symptoms, the appearance of new symptoms, or the reappearance of old symptoms.

    The symptoms of an aggravation can vary depending on the individual and the remedy taken, but they may include physical, emotional, or mental symptoms. Common physical symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Emotional symptoms may include increased irritability or anxiety, while mental symptoms may include confusion or difficulty concentrating.

    Homoeopathic aggravations should not be feared, as they are usually a sign that the remedy is working and the healing process is beginning. If an aggravation occurs, it is important to remember that it is a temporary phenomenon and will eventually pass.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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thyroidthyroid functions
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The major thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, also called T4 because it contains four iodine atoms. To exert its effects, T4 is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) by the removal of an iodine atom. This occurs mainly in the liver and in certain tissues where T3 acts, such as iRead more

    The major thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, also called T4 because it contains four iodine atoms. To exert its effects, T4 is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) by the removal of an iodine atom. This occurs mainly in the liver and in certain tissues where T3 acts, such as in the brain. The amount of T4 produced by the thyroid gland is controlled by another hormone, which is made in the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain, called thyroid stimulating hormone (abbreviated TSH). The amount of TSH that the pituitary sends into the bloodstream depends on the amount of T4 that the pituitary sees. If the pituitary sees very little T4, then it produces more TSH to tell the thyroid gland to produce more T4. Once the T4 in the bloodstream goes above a certain level, the pituitary’s production of TSH is shut off. In fact, the thyroid and pituitary act in many ways like a heater and a thermostat. When the heater is off and it becomes cold, the thermostat reads the temperature and turns on the heater. When the heat rises to an appropriate level, the thermostat senses this and turns off the heater. Thus, the thyroid and the pituitary, like a heater and thermostat, turn on and off.
    T4 and T3 circulate almost entirely bound to specific transport proteins. If the levels of these transport proteins changes, there can be changes in how much bound T4 and T3 is measured. This frequently happens during pregnancy and with the use of birth control pills. The “free” T4 or T3 is the hormone that is unbound and able to enter and affect the body tissues.
    TESTS
    Blood tests to measure these hormones are readily available and widely used, but not all are useful in all situations. Tests to evaluate thyroid function include the following:

    TSH TESTS
    The best way to initially test thyroid function is to measure the TSH level in a blood sample. Changes in TSH can serve as an “early warning system” – often occurring before the actual level of thyroid hormones in the body becomes too high or too low. A high TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is not making enough thyroid hormone (primary hypothyroidism). The opposite situation, in which the TSH level is low, usually indicates that the thyroid is producing too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism). Occasionally, a low TSH may result from an abnormality in the pituitary gland, which prevents it from making enough TSH to stimulate the thyroid (secondary hypothyroidism). In most healthy individuals, a normal TSH value means that the thyroid is functioning properly.

    T4 TESTS
    T4 is the main form of thyroid hormone circulating in the blood. A Total T4 measures the bound and free hormone and can change when binding proteins differ (see above). A Free T4 measures what is not bound and able to enter and affect the body tissues. Tests measuring free T4 – either a free T4 (FT4) or free T4 index (FTI) – more accurately reflect how the thyroid gland is functioning when checked with a TSH.

    The finding of an elevated TSH and low FT4 or FTI indicates primary hypothyroidism due to disease in the thyroid gland. A low TSH and low FT4 or FTI indicates hypothyroidism due to a problem involving the pituitary gland. A low TSH with an elevated FT4 or FTI is found in individuals who have hyperthyroidism.

    T3 TESTS
    T3 tests are often useful to diagnosis hyperthyroidism or to determine the severity of the hyperthyroidism. Patients who are hyperthyroid will have an elevated T3 level. In some individuals with a low TSH, only the T3 is elevated and the FT4 or FTI is normal. T3 testing rarely is helpful in the hypothyroid patient, since it is the last test to become abnormal. Patients can be severely hypothyroid with a high TSH and low FT4 or FTI, but have a normal T3.

    FREE T3
    Measurement of free T3 is possible, but is often not reliable and therefore not typically helpful.

    REVERSE T3
    Reverse T3 is a biologically inactive protein that is structurally very similar to T3, but the iodine atoms are placed in different locations, which makes it inactive. Some reverse T3 is produced normally in the body, but is then rapidly degraded. In healthy, non-hospitalized people, measurement of reverse T3 does not help determine whether hypothyroidism exists or not, and is not clinically useful.

    THYROID ANTIBODY TESTS
    The immune system of the body normally protects us from foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses by destroying these invaders with substances called antibodies produced by blood cells known as lymphocytes. In many patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, lymphocytes react against the thyroid (thyroid autoimmunity) and make antibodies against thyroid cell proteins. Two common antibodies are thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody. Measuring levels of thyroid antibodies may help diagnose the cause of the thyroid problem. For example, positive anti-thyroid peroxidase and/or anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in a patient with hypothyroidism result in a diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. While detecting antibodies is helpful in the initial diagnosis of hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis, following their levels over time is not helpful in detecting the development of hypothyroidism or response to therapy. TSH and FT4 are what tell us about the actual thyroid function or levels.

    A different antibody that may be positive in a patient with hyperthyroidism is the stimulatory TSH receptor antibody (TSI). This antibody causes the thyroid to be overactive in Graves’ Disease. If you have Graves’ disease, your doctor might also order a thyrotropin receptor antibody test (TSHR or TRAb), which detects both stimulating and blocking antibodies. Following antibody levels in Graves’ patients may help to assess response to treatment of hyperthyroidism, to determine when it is appropriate to discontinue antithyroid medication, and to assess the risk of passing antibodies to the fetus during pregnancy.

    THYROGLOBULIN
    Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a protein produced by normal thyroid cells and thyroid cancer cells. It is not a measure of thyroid function and it does not diagnose thyroid cancer when the thyroid gland is still present. It is used most often in patients who have had surgery for thyroid cancer in order to monitor them after treatment. Tg is included in this brochure of thyroid function tests to communicate that, although measured frequently in certain scenarios and individuals, Tg is not a primary measure of thyroid hormone function.

    NON-BLOOD TESTS
    RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPTAKE
    Because T4 contains iodine, the thyroid gland must pull a large amount of iodine from the bloodstream in order to make an appropriate amount of T4. The thyroid has developed a very active mechanism for doing this. Therefore, this activity can be measured by having an individual swallow a small amount of iodine, which is radioactive. The radioactivity allows the doctor to track where the iodine goes. By measuring the amount of radioactivity that is taken up by the thyroid gland (radioactive iodine uptake, RAIU), doctors may determine whether the gland is functioning normally. A very high RAIU is seen in individuals whose thyroid gland is overactive (hyperthyroidism), while a low RAIU is seen when the thyroid gland is underactive (hypothyroidism). In addition to the radioactive iodine uptake, a thyroid scan may be obtained, which shows a picture of the thyroid gland and reveals what parts of the thyroid have taken up the iodine (see Thyroid Nodules brochure).

    MEDICATIONS THAT INTERFERE WITH THYROID FUNCTION TESTING

    There are many medications that can affect thyroid function testing. Some common examples include:

    Estrogens, such as in birth control pills, or in pregnancy, cause high levels of total T4 and T3. This is because estrogens increase the level of the binding proteins. In these situations, it is better to ask both for TSH and free T4 for thyroid evaluation, which will typically be in the normal range.
    Biotin, a commonly taken over-the-counter supplement, can cause the measurement of several thyroid function tests to appear abnormal, when they are in fact normal in the blood. Biotin should not be taken for 2 days before blood is drawn for thyroid function testing to avoid this effect.

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