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Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).
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Syphilis diseases: syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum. It produces infection only in humans. it is a systemic venereal disease, rarely transmission is by non-sexual contact. It has two phages: 1. Acquired syphilis. 2. Congenital syphilis. a) AcquiRead more
Syphilis diseases: syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum. It produces infection only in humans. it is a systemic venereal disease, rarely transmission is by non-sexual contact. It has two phages:
1. Acquired syphilis.
2. Congenital syphilis.a) Acquired syphilis: (it has three phages)
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1. Primary stage of syphilis- usually develops 3 (2-10) weeks after contact with an infected individual. Hard chancer is formed at the site of contact (firm, non-tender, red popular lesion and ulcer formation).
2. The inflammation is characterized by lymphocytes, a large number of plasma cells, macrophages, and obliterative endarteritis. They spread to regional lymph nodes and seed the body via the blood. The chancer heals spontaneously (even without treatment).
3. Secondary stage of syphilis- it develops 2-10 weeks after primary chancre. Symptoms:
a) Fever.
b) Diffuse rash (palmar and solar rash).
c) White oral lessons.
d) Lymphadenopathy.
e) Condyloma latum (flat papules in warm moist areas. e.c anus).
f) Mucosal ulcer affects the genitals, mouth, pharynx, and larynx.
g) Even without treatment lesions resolve spontaneously.
h) The disease enters a latent phage.
i) May relapse during the first 2 years.
4. Tertiary stage 🙁 it occurs a year after the primary lesion). There is an active inflammatory lesion
a) Syphilitic aortitis; aortic regurgitation; aneurysm.
b) Neurosyphilis; meningovascular; tabes dorsalis, general paresis.
c) Gumma ( granuloma); heper lobatum; gumma of testes, skin, bone.
b) Congenital syphilis.
1. Infected mother.
2. Transplacental transmission of Treponema Pallidum to the baby in the uterus or during birth.
3. Newborns baby will typically not develop a primary syphilis chancer but may present with signs of secondary syphilis (generalized body rash; syphilitic rhinitis.
4. If non-treated (Miscarriage; premature birth; stillbirths or death in newborn).
5. If non-treated but symptoms develop later (fever; rash; an enlarged liver and spleen; skeletal abnormalities; Hutchinson’s teeth; deafness; prominence of the brow rings; hard palate; interstitial keratitis; protruding mandible; saddle nose; short maxilla; narrowing of the little finger; musculoskeletal deformities; pseudoparalysis.
6. If untreated Homoeopathically during pregnancy of the mother congenital deformity may result in children.
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The diagnosis of tetanus is clinical and does not require a demonstration of C. tetani. Treatment should be started immediately based on clinical diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis provides supportive evidence for confirmation. Specimen Excised tissue bits from the necrotic depths of wounds are more reRead more
The diagnosis of tetanus is clinical and does not require a demonstration of C. tetani. Treatment should be started immediately based on clinical diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis provides supportive evidence for confirmation.
Specimen
Excised tissue bits from the necrotic depths of wounds are more reliable than wound swabs.
Gram staining
Gram staining reveals gram-positive bacilli with terminal and round spores (drum stick appearance or tennis racket appearance). However, microscopy alone is unreliable as it cannot distinguish C. tetani from morphologically similar non-pathogenic clostridia like C. tetanomorphum and C. sphenoides.
CultureCulture is more reliable than microscopy.
• Robertson cooked meat(RCM) broth – C. tetani being proteolytic turns the meat particles black and produces a foul odor.
• Blood agar with polymyxin B: C. tetani produce characteristic swarming growth when incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours under anaerobic conditions.
Toxigenicity Test
As pathogenesis of tetanus is toxin mediated, the association of the isolated organism can only be established when its toxin production is demonstrated. Toxigenicity can be detected by both in vitro and in vivo methods.
• In vitro hemolysis inhibition test: C. tetani produces hemolysis on blood agar which is inhibited by adding antitoxin. This test indicates the production of tetanolysin only but not tetanospasmin.
• In vivo mouse inoculation test: RCM broth with black turbid growth is injected into the root of the tail of a test mouse. The test animal develops stiffness which begins with the tail and progresses to involve the hind limbs on the inoculated side- the other limb-trunk-forelimbs. Death occurs within two days. This test indicates the production of tetanospasmin.
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A poliovirus, the causative agent of polio (also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae. There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3.
A poliovirus, the causative agent of polio (also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae. There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3.
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