tetanus

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Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. When these bacteria enter the body, they produce a toxin that causes painful muscle contractions. Another name for tetanus is “lockjaw”. It often causes a person’s neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow.
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tetanus
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala
    This answer was edited.

    The pathogenesis of tetanus is as follows: Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) spores usually enter the body through a wound or breach in the skin. In the presence of anaerobic conditions, the spores germinate and produce two toxins: oxygen-labile hemolysin also called tetanolysin, and a plasmid-encoded,Read more

    The pathogenesis of tetanus is as follows: Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) spores usually enter the body through a wound or breach in the skin. In the presence of anaerobic conditions, the spores germinate and produce two toxins: oxygen-labile hemolysin also called tetanolysin, and a plasmid-encoded, heat-labile neurotoxin called tetanospasmin. The plasmid carrying the gene for tetanospasmin is non-conjugative. The toxin binds to nerve endings at the site of injury and is transported by retrograde axonal flow to the spinal cord. The toxin then blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, leading to unopposed muscle contraction.

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morphologytetanus
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    MORPHOLOGY OF CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI Shape – Clostridium tetani is a slender, rod shape (bacillus) bacterium with a characteristic drumstick appearance due to the presence of spores. Size – The size of Clostridium tetani is about 4–8 µm × 0.5 µm (micrometer). Arrangement Of Cells – Clostridium tetani arRead more

    MORPHOLOGY OF CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
    Shape – Clostridium tetani is a slender, rod shape (bacillus) bacterium with a characteristic drumstick appearance due to the presence of spores.

    Size – The size of Clostridium tetani is about 4–8 µm × 0.5 µm (micrometer).

    Arrangement Of Cells – Clostridium tetani are arranged singly, in pairs, or in short chains. They are pleomorphic organisms.

    Motility – Clostridium tetani is a motile bacterium.

    Flagella – Clostridium tetani is a flagellated bacterium with Peritrichate flagella arrangement.

    Spores – The Round, terminal & Bulging spores are present in C. tetani giving the bacterium a characteristic drumstick shape appearance when examined under the microscope.

    Capsule – C. tetani is a capsulated bacterium. The capsule can easily be demonstrated using India ink preparation, appearing as a clear halo on a dark background.

    Gram Staining Reaction – Clostridium tetani is a Gram +ve (Positive) bacterium.

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prevention'stetanus
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Vaccination and good wound care are important to help prevent tetanus infection. Doctors can also use medicine to help prevent tetanus when someone is seriously hurt and isn’t up to date with tetanus vaccination.

    Vaccination and good wound care are important to help prevent tetanus infection. Doctors can also use medicine to help prevent tetanus when someone is seriously hurt and isn’t up to date with tetanus vaccination.

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bacteriadiagnosisdiseasesmicrobiologytetanus
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The diagnosis of tetanus is clinical and does not require a demonstration of C. tetani. Treatment should be started immediately based on clinical diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis provides supportive evidence for confirmation. Specimen Excised tissue bits from the necrotic depths of wounds are more reRead more

    The diagnosis of tetanus is clinical and does not require a demonstration of C. tetani. Treatment should be started immediately based on clinical diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis provides supportive evidence for confirmation.

    Specimen

    Excised tissue bits from the necrotic depths of wounds are more reliable than wound swabs.

    Gram staining

    Gram staining reveals gram-positive bacilli with terminal and round spores (drum stick appearance or tennis racket appearance). However, microscopy alone is unreliable as it cannot distinguish C. tetani from morphologically similar non-pathogenic clostridia like C. tetanomorphum and C. sphenoides.
    Culture

    Culture is more reliable than microscopy.

    • Robertson cooked meat(RCM) broth – C. tetani being proteolytic turns the meat particles black and produces a foul odor.

    • Blood agar with polymyxin B: C. tetani produce characteristic swarming growth when incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours under anaerobic conditions.

    Toxigenicity Test

    As pathogenesis of tetanus is toxin mediated, the association of the isolated organism can only be established when its toxin production is demonstrated. Toxigenicity can be detected by both in vitro and in vivo methods.

    • In vitro hemolysis inhibition test: C. tetani produces hemolysis on blood agar which is inhibited by adding antitoxin. This test indicates the production of tetanolysin only but not tetanospasmin.

    • In vivo mouse inoculation test: RCM broth with black turbid growth is injected into the root of the tail of a test mouse. The test animal develops stiffness which begins with the tail and progresses to involve the hind limbs on the inoculated side- the other limb-trunk-forelimbs. Death occurs within two days. This test indicates the production of tetanospasmin.

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tetanus
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Tetanus affects the nerves that control your muscles, which can lead to difficulty swallowing. You may also experience spasms and stiffness in various muscles, especially those in your jaw, abdomen, chest, back, and neck. The incubation period — the time between exposure to the bacteria and the onseRead more

    Tetanus affects the nerves that control your muscles, which can lead to difficulty swallowing. You may also experience spasms and stiffness in various muscles, especially those in your jaw, abdomen, chest, back, and neck.

    The incubation period — the time between exposure to the bacteria and the onset of illness — is between 3 and 21 days. Symptoms typically appear within 14 daysTrusted Source of initial infection. Infections that occur faster after exposure are typically more severe and have a worse prognosis.
    Other common tetanus symptoms are:

    fast heart rate
    fever
    sweating
    high blood pressure

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