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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bone tumourclassificationstypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Bone tumors can be classified into two broad categories: benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous). Within these categories, bone tumors can be further classified based on their histological characteristics, such as cell type, tissue structure, and growth patterns. Benign bone tumors: These tRead more

    Bone tumors can be classified into two broad categories: benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous). Within these categories, bone tumors can be further classified based on their histological characteristics, such as cell type, tissue structure, and growth patterns.

    Benign bone tumors: These tumors do not spread to other parts of the body and are not life-threatening. Examples include osteochondroma, osteoid osteoma, and giant cell tumor of bone.

    Malignant bone tumors: These tumors are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma.

    In addition, bone tumors can be classified based on the type of tissue they originate from, including bone, cartilage, or muscle.

    It’s important to note that a proper diagnosis of a bone tumor can only be made by a qualified medical professional after a thorough evaluation, which may include imaging tests and biopsy.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Pundit

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idealism
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Idealism is a philosophical and political perspective that asserts that reality is ultimately based on ideas, rather than material objects and physical sensations. In idealism, ideas, thoughts, and consciousness are considered the primary components of reality, and objects in the physical world areRead more

    Idealism is a philosophical and political perspective that asserts that reality is ultimately based on ideas, rather than material objects and physical sensations. In idealism, ideas, thoughts, and consciousness are considered the primary components of reality, and objects in the physical world are seen as mere representations of these mental states.

    In the realm of politics and ethics, idealism often involves the pursuit of high moral principles and values, such as truth, justice, and equality. Idealists believe that these ideals can guide individuals and societies toward a better future and that it is possible to create a just and harmonious world through the realization of these ideals.

    There are different forms of idealism, including philosophical idealism, ethical idealism, and political idealism. Each of these forms of idealism emphasizes different aspects of the idea that reality is rooted in mental states, but they all share the belief that ideas and ideals play a central role in shaping the world.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Teacher

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materialism
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Materialism is a philosophical and economic theory that views matter and physical processes as the basis of all reality and that everything, including human thoughts and feelings, can be explained in terms of material causes and interactions. In a philosophical sense, materialism is often contrastedRead more

    Materialism is a philosophical and economic theory that views matter and physical processes as the basis of all reality and that everything, including human thoughts and feelings, can be explained in terms of material causes and interactions.

    In a philosophical sense, materialism is often contrasted with dualism, the belief that mind and matter are distinct and separate entities, and idealism, the belief that reality is primarily mental or spiritual in nature.

    In an economic sense, materialism refers to a society or culture in which acquiring material possessions and consumer goods is highly valued, and people are seen as defined by the things they own. This kind of materialism can have negative effects on individuals and society, such as leading to consumer debt and environmental degradation.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Teacher

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susceptibility
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The concept of removing susceptibility to a disease is a complex one, as the causes of susceptibility can be multi-factorial and can vary from person to person. However, some general ways that can help reduce susceptibility to illness include: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: This includes eating aRead more

    The concept of removing susceptibility to a disease is a complex one, as the causes of susceptibility can be multi-factorial and can vary from person to person. However, some general ways that can help reduce susceptibility to illness include:

    Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: This includes eating a balanced diet, getting regular physical activity, managing stress, getting enough sleep, and avoiding unhealthy habits such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

    Strengthening the immune system: This can be done by taking steps to improve overall health, such as getting vaccinated, reducing stress, and avoiding exposure to known toxins or pathogens.

    Reducing exposure to harmful agents: This can include avoiding exposure to pollutants, pesticides, and other harmful chemicals, as well as reducing exposure to infectious agents by practicing good hygiene and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

    Taking preventive measures: This can include getting regular check-ups, screening tests, and taking steps to prevent the onset or progression of chronic conditions, such as controlling high blood pressure or managing diabetes.

    It’s important to remember that the best way to reduce susceptibility to illness will vary from person to person, and will depend on a number of factors such as age, health status, and lifestyle. It’s always a good idea to speak with a healthcare professional to determine the best approach for you.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Pundit

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homoeopathic aggravation
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Homoeopathic aggravation is a term used in homoeopathy to describe certain symptoms that can appear when a remedy is taken. It is a natural phenomenon that is a part of the healing process and is not something to be feared. Aggravations usually occur as a result of the body’s energetic response to tRead more

    Homoeopathic aggravation is a term used in homoeopathy to describe certain symptoms that can appear when a remedy is taken. It is a natural phenomenon that is a part of the healing process and is not something to be feared. Aggravations usually occur as a result of the body’s energetic response to the remedy, which is believed to stimulate the body’s healing process.

    A homoeopathic aggravation can be defined as a temporary intensification of symptoms or an increase in the intensity of existing symptoms that occur after a patient has taken a homoeopathic remedy. A homoeopathic aggravation is believed to be an indication that the remedy is working and that the healing process has begun.

    Homoeopathic aggravations are most often associated with the use of potentized remedies, although they can also occur with the use of lower potencies. The intensity of the aggravation depends on the potency of the remedy and the sensitivity of the patient.

    Homoeopathic remedies are traditionally prepared by a process of dilution and succussion, which is believed to increase their energetic potency. As the potency of a remedy increases, so does the chance of an aggravation occurring.

    Homoeopathic aggravations can be recognized by the sudden intensification of symptoms that occur after taking a remedy. Symptoms may include an increase in intensity of existing symptoms, the appearance of new symptoms, or the reappearance of old symptoms.

    The symptoms of an aggravation can vary depending on the individual and the remedy taken, but they may include physical, emotional, or mental symptoms. Common physical symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Emotional symptoms may include increased irritability or anxiety, while mental symptoms may include confusion or difficulty concentrating.

    Homoeopathic aggravations should not be feared, as they are usually a sign that the remedy is working and the healing process is beginning. If an aggravation occurs, it is important to remember that it is a temporary phenomenon and will eventually pass.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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thyroidthyroid functions
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The major thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, also called T4 because it contains four iodine atoms. To exert its effects, T4 is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) by the removal of an iodine atom. This occurs mainly in the liver and in certain tissues where T3 acts, such as iRead more

    The major thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, also called T4 because it contains four iodine atoms. To exert its effects, T4 is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) by the removal of an iodine atom. This occurs mainly in the liver and in certain tissues where T3 acts, such as in the brain. The amount of T4 produced by the thyroid gland is controlled by another hormone, which is made in the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain, called thyroid stimulating hormone (abbreviated TSH). The amount of TSH that the pituitary sends into the bloodstream depends on the amount of T4 that the pituitary sees. If the pituitary sees very little T4, then it produces more TSH to tell the thyroid gland to produce more T4. Once the T4 in the bloodstream goes above a certain level, the pituitary’s production of TSH is shut off. In fact, the thyroid and pituitary act in many ways like a heater and a thermostat. When the heater is off and it becomes cold, the thermostat reads the temperature and turns on the heater. When the heat rises to an appropriate level, the thermostat senses this and turns off the heater. Thus, the thyroid and the pituitary, like a heater and thermostat, turn on and off.
    T4 and T3 circulate almost entirely bound to specific transport proteins. If the levels of these transport proteins changes, there can be changes in how much bound T4 and T3 is measured. This frequently happens during pregnancy and with the use of birth control pills. The “free” T4 or T3 is the hormone that is unbound and able to enter and affect the body tissues.
    TESTS
    Blood tests to measure these hormones are readily available and widely used, but not all are useful in all situations. Tests to evaluate thyroid function include the following:

    TSH TESTS
    The best way to initially test thyroid function is to measure the TSH level in a blood sample. Changes in TSH can serve as an “early warning system” – often occurring before the actual level of thyroid hormones in the body becomes too high or too low. A high TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is not making enough thyroid hormone (primary hypothyroidism). The opposite situation, in which the TSH level is low, usually indicates that the thyroid is producing too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism). Occasionally, a low TSH may result from an abnormality in the pituitary gland, which prevents it from making enough TSH to stimulate the thyroid (secondary hypothyroidism). In most healthy individuals, a normal TSH value means that the thyroid is functioning properly.

    T4 TESTS
    T4 is the main form of thyroid hormone circulating in the blood. A Total T4 measures the bound and free hormone and can change when binding proteins differ (see above). A Free T4 measures what is not bound and able to enter and affect the body tissues. Tests measuring free T4 – either a free T4 (FT4) or free T4 index (FTI) – more accurately reflect how the thyroid gland is functioning when checked with a TSH.

    The finding of an elevated TSH and low FT4 or FTI indicates primary hypothyroidism due to disease in the thyroid gland. A low TSH and low FT4 or FTI indicates hypothyroidism due to a problem involving the pituitary gland. A low TSH with an elevated FT4 or FTI is found in individuals who have hyperthyroidism.

    T3 TESTS
    T3 tests are often useful to diagnosis hyperthyroidism or to determine the severity of the hyperthyroidism. Patients who are hyperthyroid will have an elevated T3 level. In some individuals with a low TSH, only the T3 is elevated and the FT4 or FTI is normal. T3 testing rarely is helpful in the hypothyroid patient, since it is the last test to become abnormal. Patients can be severely hypothyroid with a high TSH and low FT4 or FTI, but have a normal T3.

    FREE T3
    Measurement of free T3 is possible, but is often not reliable and therefore not typically helpful.

    REVERSE T3
    Reverse T3 is a biologically inactive protein that is structurally very similar to T3, but the iodine atoms are placed in different locations, which makes it inactive. Some reverse T3 is produced normally in the body, but is then rapidly degraded. In healthy, non-hospitalized people, measurement of reverse T3 does not help determine whether hypothyroidism exists or not, and is not clinically useful.

    THYROID ANTIBODY TESTS
    The immune system of the body normally protects us from foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses by destroying these invaders with substances called antibodies produced by blood cells known as lymphocytes. In many patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, lymphocytes react against the thyroid (thyroid autoimmunity) and make antibodies against thyroid cell proteins. Two common antibodies are thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody. Measuring levels of thyroid antibodies may help diagnose the cause of the thyroid problem. For example, positive anti-thyroid peroxidase and/or anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in a patient with hypothyroidism result in a diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. While detecting antibodies is helpful in the initial diagnosis of hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis, following their levels over time is not helpful in detecting the development of hypothyroidism or response to therapy. TSH and FT4 are what tell us about the actual thyroid function or levels.

    A different antibody that may be positive in a patient with hyperthyroidism is the stimulatory TSH receptor antibody (TSI). This antibody causes the thyroid to be overactive in Graves’ Disease. If you have Graves’ disease, your doctor might also order a thyrotropin receptor antibody test (TSHR or TRAb), which detects both stimulating and blocking antibodies. Following antibody levels in Graves’ patients may help to assess response to treatment of hyperthyroidism, to determine when it is appropriate to discontinue antithyroid medication, and to assess the risk of passing antibodies to the fetus during pregnancy.

    THYROGLOBULIN
    Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a protein produced by normal thyroid cells and thyroid cancer cells. It is not a measure of thyroid function and it does not diagnose thyroid cancer when the thyroid gland is still present. It is used most often in patients who have had surgery for thyroid cancer in order to monitor them after treatment. Tg is included in this brochure of thyroid function tests to communicate that, although measured frequently in certain scenarios and individuals, Tg is not a primary measure of thyroid hormone function.

    NON-BLOOD TESTS
    RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPTAKE
    Because T4 contains iodine, the thyroid gland must pull a large amount of iodine from the bloodstream in order to make an appropriate amount of T4. The thyroid has developed a very active mechanism for doing this. Therefore, this activity can be measured by having an individual swallow a small amount of iodine, which is radioactive. The radioactivity allows the doctor to track where the iodine goes. By measuring the amount of radioactivity that is taken up by the thyroid gland (radioactive iodine uptake, RAIU), doctors may determine whether the gland is functioning normally. A very high RAIU is seen in individuals whose thyroid gland is overactive (hyperthyroidism), while a low RAIU is seen when the thyroid gland is underactive (hypothyroidism). In addition to the radioactive iodine uptake, a thyroid scan may be obtained, which shows a picture of the thyroid gland and reveals what parts of the thyroid have taken up the iodine (see Thyroid Nodules brochure).

    MEDICATIONS THAT INTERFERE WITH THYROID FUNCTION TESTING

    There are many medications that can affect thyroid function testing. Some common examples include:

    Estrogens, such as in birth control pills, or in pregnancy, cause high levels of total T4 and T3. This is because estrogens increase the level of the binding proteins. In these situations, it is better to ask both for TSH and free T4 for thyroid evaluation, which will typically be in the normal range.
    Biotin, a commonly taken over-the-counter supplement, can cause the measurement of several thyroid function tests to appear abnormal, when they are in fact normal in the blood. Biotin should not be taken for 2 days before blood is drawn for thyroid function testing to avoid this effect.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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aetiologycausesenlargedgoiterswellingthyroid gland
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    A number of factors that influence thyroid function or growth can result in a goiter. 1. Iodine deficiency. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. If a person does not get enough dietary iodine, hormone production drops and the pituitary gland signals the thyroid to make more. TRead more

    A number of factors that influence thyroid function or growth can result in a goiter.

    1. Iodine deficiency. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. If a person does not get enough dietary iodine, hormone production drops and the pituitary gland signals the thyroid to make more. This increased signal results in thyroid growth. In the United States, this cause is uncommon because of iodine added to table salt.

    2. Hashimoto’s disease. Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder, an illness caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. The damaged and inflamed tissues of the thyroid don’t produce enough hormones (hypothyroidism). When the pituitary gland detects the decline and prompts the thyroid to create more hormones, the thyroid can become enlarged.

    3. Graves’ disease. Another autoimmune disorder called Graves’ disease occurs when the immune system produces a protein that mimics TSH. This rogue protein prompts the thyroid to overproduce hormones (hyperthyroidism) and can result in thyroid growth.

    4. Thyroid nodules. A nodule is the irregular growth of thyroid cells that form a lump. A person may have one nodule or several nodules (multinodular goiter). The cause of nodules is not clear, but there may be multiple factors — genetics, diet, lifestyle and environment. Most thyroid nodules are noncancerous (benign).

    5. Thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is less common than other cancers and generally treatable. About 5% of people with thyroid nodules are found to have cancer.

    6. Pregnancy. A hormone produced during pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), may cause the thyroid gland to be overactive and enlarge slightly.

    7. Inflammation. Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid caused by an autoimmune disorder, bacterial or viral infection, or medication. The inflammation may cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

    8. A lack of dietary iodine. Iodine is found primarily in seawater and in the soil in coastal areas. In the developing world in particular, people who don’t have enough iodine in their diets or access to food supplemented with iodine are at increased risk.

    9. Being female. Women are more likely to develop a goiter or other thyroid disorders.

    10. Pregnancy and menopause. Thyroid problems in women are more likely to occur during pregnancy and menopause.

    11. Age. Goiters are more common after age 40.

    12. Family medical history. Family medical history of goiters or other thyroid disorders increases the risk of goiters. Also, researchers have identified genetic factors that may be associated with an increased risk.

    13. Medications. Some medical treatments, including the heart drug amiodarone (Pacerone) and the psychiatric drug lithium (Lithobid), increase your risk.

    14. Radiation exposure. Your risk increases if you’ve had radiation treatments to your neck or chest area.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Teacher

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development of sycosis miasmdevelopment of sycotic miasmmiasmasycosis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala
    This answer was edited.

    Development of sycosis: 1. Evil thinking. 2. Sustained. 3. Impure coition. 4. Infection with Neisseria Gonorrhoea . 5. Genital purulent discharge. 6. Maltreatment (dissimilar medicine). 7. Genital warts. 8. Maltreatment (dissimilar medicine) or Even without treatment lesions resolve spontaneously. 9Read more

    Development of sycosis:

    1. Evil thinking.

    2. Sustained.

    3. Impure coition.

    4. Infection with Neisseria Gonorrhoea .

    5. Genital purulent discharge.

    6. Maltreatment (dissimilar medicine).

    7. Genital warts.

    8. Maltreatment (dissimilar medicine) or Even without treatment lesions resolve spontaneously.

    9. Latent stage of sycosis.

    10. Explosion of latent sycosis due to any exciting & maintaining causes.

    11. Secondary manifestation of sycosis (miasmatic state of sycosis).

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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dissimilar attractsimilar repulse
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Teacher dr.basuriwala
    This answer was edited.

    Pioneer: In 1785, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, measured the magnitude of electrostatic forces between charged objects using a torsion balance that he invented. Nature: Non-contact forces are interactions that can affect a body's motion without the need to touch it. Non-contact forces can be attractiRead more

    Pioneer: In 1785, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, measured the magnitude of electrostatic forces between charged objects using a torsion balance that he invented.

    Nature: Non-contact forces are interactions that can affect a body’s motion without the need to touch it. Non-contact forces can be attractive or repulsive.

    Force: A force is attractive if the objects interacting exert a pull on each other, creating a tendency to move closer. On the other hand, a force is repulsive if the interacting objects push each other away.

    Types of charges:
    1. Positive.
    2. Negative.

    Same charges: If two objects have the same type of charge the electrostatic force between them will be repulsive. This means that if a positively charged object gets close to another, they both will push each other away. The same occurs for two negatively charged objects.

    Opposite charges: On the other hand, opposite charges attract each other. So when one positively charged object is near a negatively charged object, they pull towards each other, tending to move closer.

    The earth: The earth is like a giant magnet itself, but its geographic north pole is really a magnetic south pole. Similarly, the geographic South Pole is a magnetic north pole. Because of this, a free-to-move magnet – the needle of a compass, for instance – will always align its magnetic north pole to the earth’s geographical North Pole, and the magnet’s South Pole aligns with the earth’s geographic South Pole. This is why magnets’ poles are named that way.

    Magnets: Magnets work due to magnetic forces that occur in atoms forming magnetic zones in the material that act like tiny magnets themselves. Usually, these zones are randomly aligned. However, there is a special type of material called ferromagnetic. They have the property that their magnetic zones align easily when exposed to an external magnetic field, and they maintain this alignment after the magnetic field is gone, becoming magnets themselves! An object that generates a magnetic field due to its internal structure is called a permanent magnet. Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted to magnets. Some examples are iron, cobalt, and nickel.

    Attraction and Repulsion – Key features:

    1. Attraction and repulsion are characteristics of non-contact forces such as electrostatic and magnetic forces.

    2. Non-contact forces are interactions that can affect a body’s motion without the need to touch it. Examples of non-contact forces include electric and magnetic forces.

    3. Objects having opposite charges experience an attractive electrostatic force, pulling them towards each other.

    4. Objects having the same charge experience a repulsive electrostatic force, pushing them away from each other.

    5. Like poles of two magnets experience an attractive magnetic force, pulling them towards each other.

    6. Opposite poles of two magnets experience a repulsive magnetic force, pushing them away from each other.

    7. Coulomb’s law states that the force exerted between two charged objects, whether a force of attraction or repulsion, can be determined by the charge of both objects, the distance between them, and the medium in which the charges are.

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Asked: 4 years agoIn: , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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blueprint of researchresearch
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Teacher dr.basuriwala

    Research design: it can be defined as a conceptual structure (making up the master plan) within which research will likely be done. It is a “blueprint” of research, for the collection, measurement and analysis of needed data. It specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the iRead more

    Research design: it can be defined as a conceptual structure (making up the master plan) within which research will likely be done. It is a “blueprint” of research, for the collection, measurement and analysis of needed data. It specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the information.
    A research design will typically include:
    1. How data is to be collected?
    2. What instruments will be employed?
    3. How the instruments will be used?
    4. The intended means for analyzing data collected.
    A research design is based in the research questions and can be considered as a addressing at least four of the problems:
    1. What questions to be study?
    2. Which data are relevant?
    3. What data to collect?
    4. How to analyze the results?

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