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A process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects.
A process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects.
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Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents such as prions present in or on a specific surface, object, or fluid. SterilizatioRead more
Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents such as prions present in or on a specific surface, object, or fluid. Sterilization can be achieved through various means, including heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration.
There are several methods of sterilization, including physical, radiation, ultrasonic, and chemical methods. Physical methods include moist heat (such as steaming), dry heat (such as in a hot air oven), and filtration. Chemical sterilization can be achieved with substances such as ethyl alcohol, mercuric chloride, and sodium hypochlorite.
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Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life and other biological agents such as prions present in or on a specific surface, object, or fluid. Sterilization can be achieved through various means, including heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, andRead more
Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life and other biological agents such as prions present in or on a specific surface, object, or fluid. Sterilization can be achieved through various means, including heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration.
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Malaria parasites can be identified by examining under the microscope a drop of the patient’s blood, spread out as a “blood smear” on a microscope slide. Prior to the examination, the specimen is stained (most often with the Giemsa stain) to give the parasites a distinctive appearance. This techniquRead more
Malaria parasites can be identified by examining under the microscope a drop of the patient’s blood, spread out as a “blood smear” on a microscope slide. Prior to the examination, the specimen is stained (most often with the Giemsa stain) to give the parasites a distinctive appearance. This technique remains the gold standard for laboratory confirmation of malaria. However, it depends on the quality of the reagents, of the microscope, and on the experience of the laboratorian
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Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Once inside the human body, the parasites travel to the liver, where they multiply and then enter the bloodstream, infecting red blood cells. The parasites continue to multiRead more
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Once inside the human body, the parasites travel to the liver, where they multiply and then enter the bloodstream, infecting red blood cells. The parasites continue to multiply inside the red blood cells, which eventually burst, releasing more parasites into the bloodstream and causing the symptoms of malaria.
The pathogenicity of malaria is due to the destruction of red blood cells and the release of toxins by the parasites. This can lead to anemia, hypoglycemia, and other complications. In severe cases, malaria can cause organ failure, coma, and death.
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Five species of Plasmodium (single-celled parasites) can infect humans and cause illness: 1. Plasmodium falciparum (or P. falciparum). 2. Plasmodium malariae (or P. malariae). 3. Plasmodium vivax (or P. vivax). 4. Plasmodium ovale (or P. ovale). 5. Plasmodium knowlesi (or P. knowlesi). Falciparum maRead more
Five species of Plasmodium (single-celled parasites) can infect humans and cause illness:
1. Plasmodium falciparum (or P. falciparum).
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2. Plasmodium malariae (or P. malariae).
3. Plasmodium vivax (or P. vivax).
4. Plasmodium ovale (or P. ovale).
5. Plasmodium knowlesi (or P. knowlesi).
Falciparum malaria is potentially life-threatening. Patients with severe falciparum malaria may develop liver and kidney failure, convulsions, and coma. Although occasionally severe, infections with P. vivax and P. ovale generally cause less serious illness, but the parasites can remain dormant in the liver for many months, causing a reappearance of symptoms months or even years later.
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Malaria is a serious and persistent threat to public health in many parts of Asia, including Bangladesh. The disease is caused by a parasite that is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. In Bangladesh, around 90% of malaria cases are due to Plasmodium falciparum, and aroundRead more
Malaria is a serious and persistent threat to public health in many parts of Asia, including Bangladesh. The disease is caused by a parasite that is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. In Bangladesh, around 90% of malaria cases are due to Plasmodium falciparum, and around 85% of cases occur in the malaria-endemic Southeast.
There are several factors that contribute to the high incidence of malaria in Bangladesh. One factor is the presence of Anopheles mosquitoes, which are the primary vectors for transmitting the malaria parasite. Bangladesh has 34 Anopheles mosquito species. Another factor is the climate, which provides favorable conditions for the breeding of mosquitoes. Additionally, socioeconomic factors such as poverty, poor housing conditions, and lack of access to healthcare can increase the risk of malaria transmission.
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The life cycle of the malaria parasite involves two hosts: humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host. Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts, which rupture and release merozoiRead more
The life cycle of the malaria parasite involves two hosts: humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host. Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts, which rupture and release merozoites. Merozoites then infect red blood cells, where they multiply and release more merozoites, continuing the cycle.
Some of the merozoites develop into male and female gametocytes, which are taken up by a female Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal. In the mosquito’s gut, the gametocytes fuse to form zygotes, which develop into motile ookinetes that invade the mosquito’s midgut wall and develop into oocysts. The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites, which migrate to the mosquito’s salivary glands. When the mosquito takes another blood meal, it injects the sporozoites into a new human host, starting the cycle again.
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Post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a well-recognized complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar. It has been described since the beginning of the 20th century both in Asia and Africa, in areas where Leishmania donovani is the causative parasite.
Post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a well-recognized complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar. It has been described since the beginning of the 20th century both in Asia and Africa, in areas where Leishmania donovani is the causative parasite.
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Antiseptics and disinfectants are both chemical agents that kill germs, but they have different applications. Antiseptic is used on living tissues, such as skin, wounds, or hands, to reduce the number of microorganisms present. Disinfectant is used on non-living surfaces, such as countertops, door hRead more
Antiseptics and disinfectants are both chemical agents that kill germs, but they have different applications. Antiseptic is used on living tissues, such as skin, wounds, or hands, to reduce the number of microorganisms present. Disinfectant is used on non-living surfaces, such as countertops, door handles, or equipment, to kill microorganisms. Disinfectants are generally more toxic than antiseptics because they are not meant to be used on human tissue.
In summary, the main difference between antiseptics and disinfectants is that an antiseptic is applied to the body, while disinfectants are applied to non-living surfaces.
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