What are the methods of sterilization?

Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents such as prions present in or on a specific surface, object, or fluid. Sterilization can be achieved through various means, including heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration.

There are several methods of sterilization, including physical, radiation, ultrasonic, and chemical methods. Physical methods include moist heat (such as steaming), dry heat (such as in a hot air oven), and filtration. Chemical sterilization can be achieved with substances such as ethyl alcohol, mercuric chloride, and sodium hypochlorite.