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What are the differences between primary and secondary immune response?
The primary immune response occurs when an antigen comes in contact with the immune system for the first time. During this time, the immune system has to learn to recognize the antigen and how to make an antibody against it. This process can take several days to weeks. The secondary immune responseRead more
The primary immune response occurs when an antigen comes in contact with the immune system for the first time. During this time, the immune system has to learn to recognize the antigen and how to make an antibody against it. This process can take several days to weeks.
The secondary immune response occurs when the same antigen is encountered again at a later time. Due to the presence of memory cells, the lag phase of the secondary immune response is shorter than that of the primary immune response. The secondary immune response is also stronger and faster than the primary immune response.
See lessWhat are the differences between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity is defined as immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to all or part of that pathogen. When the body is exposed to a novel disease agent, a cascade of signaling molecules and action from the innate immune system results in the activation of the adaptive immune system. PRead more
Active immunity is defined as immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to all or part of that pathogen. When the body is exposed to a novel disease agent, a cascade of signaling molecules and action from the innate immune system results in the activation of the adaptive immune system. Production of large numbers of T cells and B cells specific to the pathogen is promoted.
Passive immunity, on the other hand, is developed by antibodies that are produced outside and then introduced into the body. This can occur naturally, such as when antibodies are transferred from a mother to her baby through the placenta or breast milk, or artificially, such as when a person is given an injection of antibodies.
See lessWhat are the different types of hypersensitivity?
Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an overreaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging and uncomfortable. Hypersensitivity reactions can be classified into fRead more
Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an overreaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging and uncomfortable.
Hypersensitivity reactions can be classified into four types:
See less– **Type I:** IgE mediated immediate reaction
– **Type II:** Antibody-mediated reaction (IgG or IgM antibodies)
– **Type III:** Immune complex-mediated reaction
– **Type IV:** Cytotoxic, cell-mediated, delayed hypersensitivity reaction
What are the polar symptoms of Homoeopathic medicine?
Polarity Analysis is a result of a tedious search for a better way to match the characteristic patient symptoms with the “genius” symptoms of Homoeopathic remedies thereby improving the reliability of prescriptions. The method leads to an efficient and reproducible choice of remedy and increases theRead more
Polarity Analysis is a result of a tedious search for a better way to match the characteristic patient symptoms with the “genius” symptoms of Homoeopathic remedies thereby improving the reliability of prescriptions.
The method leads to an efficient and reproducible choice of remedy and increases the precision of prescriptions as compared to a conventional homeopathic procedure.
Dr. Heiner Frei (Switzerland), after having served for several years as a Senior Physician in the Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department at the University Children’s Hospital of Bern., decided to concentrate on his huge pediatric practice in 1987. In 2001, he realized the immense potential that lay in the latent concept of polarities of drugs and thus after further modifications based on Boenninghausen’s Concept of Contraindications developed- Polarity Analysis, a tool aimed at ensuring greater precision in Homoeopathic prescriptions.
The Concept of Contraindications is a lesser-known literary gem contributed to the Homoeopathic literature by Dr. Boenninghhausen. It states that almost every Homoeopathic medicine includes a number of Polar Symptoms, which also encompass their opposite, e.g. Desire to move/Aversion to move, Thirst/Thirstlessness, etc. Any remedy may thus exhibit both poles though in varying intensity and grades.
See lessWhat are the Concordances or Relationships of Remedies?
Boenninghausen in Therapeutic Pocket Book wrote about the relationship of remedies, which he called ‘Concordances’. The word concordance means –The inheritance by two related individuals (especially twins) of the same genetic characteristic, such as susceptibility to disease. This is a novel and useRead more
Boenninghausen in Therapeutic Pocket Book wrote about the relationship of remedies, which he called ‘Concordances’. The word concordance means –The inheritance by two related individuals (especially twins) of the same genetic characteristic, such as susceptibility to disease.
This is a novel and useful idea, as it gave a better understanding of the drug and points of contact with each other with regard to specific spheres, locations, modalities, tissues, etc.,
By working out these relationships, we can find out the remedy which is likely to follow the previous remedy after it has done its job, though partially. Thus we can find out the remedy that would complement the action of the first remedy, with regard to the case in hand and not by any rigid preconceived ideas.
Though the chapter has immense potential in its utility, in education and practice, it is yet to be made use in its full capacity. Most of the physicians do not make its proper use, due to want of adequate attention and understanding of the chapter, which seems as a sort of mystery. This part of the pocketbook has helped in solving many chronic cases and especially in their search for a second prescription.
See lessWhat are the advices given in the aphorism 216 of organon?
The cases are not rare in which a so-called corporeal disease that threatens to be fatal – a suppuration of the lungs, or the deterioration of some other important viscus, or some other disease of acute character, e.g., in childbed, etc. – becomes transformed into insanity, into a kind of melancholiRead more
The cases are not rare in which a so-called corporeal disease that threatens to be fatal – a suppuration of the lungs, or the deterioration of some other important viscus, or some other disease of acute character, e.g., in childbed, etc. – becomes transformed into insanity, into a kind of melancholia or into mania by a rapid increase of the psychical symptoms that were previously present, whereupon the corporeal symptoms lose all their danger; these latter improve almost to perfect health, or rather they decrease to such a degree that their obscured presence can only be detected by the observation of a physician gifted with perseverance and penetration. In this manner they become transformed into a one-sided and, as it were, a local disease, in which the symptom of the mental disturbance, which was at first but slight, increases so as to be the chief symptom, and in a great measure occupies the place of the other (corporeal) symptoms, whose intensity it subdues in a palliative manner, so that, in short, the affections of the grosser corporeal organs become, as it were, transferred and conducted to the almost spiritual, mental and emotional organs, which the anatomist has never yet and never will reach with his scalpel.
See lessWhat are the subject matter of foot note-127?
The medicines must be tested on both males and females, in order also to reveal the alterations of the health they produce in the sexual sphere.
The medicines must be tested on both males and females, in order also to reveal the alterations of the health they produce in the sexual sphere.
See lessWhat are the causative factors of hypertension ?
For most adults, there's no identifiable cause of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure is called primary hypertension or essential hypertension. It tends to develop gradually over many years. However, several factors may play a role in the development of high blood pressure, includiRead more
For most adults, there’s no identifiable cause of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure is called primary hypertension or essential hypertension. It tends to develop gradually over many years.
However, several factors may play a role in the development of high blood pressure, including:
See less– **Age**: Blood pressure tends to increase with age.
– **Family history and genetics**: High blood pressure often runs in families.
– **Unhealthy lifestyle habits**: Lifestyle habits can increase the risk of high blood pressure, including eating unhealthy foods (especially those with too much sodium), drinking too much alcohol or caffeine, not getting enough physical activity, smoking, and not getting enough good-quality sleep.
– **Other medical conditions**: Other medical conditions can change the way your body controls fluids, sodium, and hormones in your blood. Conditions that can cause high blood pressure include certain tumors, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, overweight and obesity, sleep apnea, and thyroid problems.
What is hypertension?
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common condition that affects the body's arteries. If you have high blood pressure, the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is consistently too high. The heart has to work harder to pump blood.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common condition that affects the body’s arteries. If you have high blood pressure, the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is consistently too high. The heart has to work harder to pump blood.
See lessWhat are the causes of hirsutism?
Hirsutism is a condition in women that results in excessive growth of dark or coarse hair in a male-like pattern — face, chest, and back. With hirsutism, extra hair growth often arises from excess male hormones (androgens), primarily testosterone. Hirsutism may be caused by several factors, includinRead more
Hirsutism is a condition in women that results in excessive growth of dark or coarse hair in a male-like pattern — face, chest, and back. With hirsutism, extra hair growth often arises from excess male hormones (androgens), primarily testosterone.
Hirsutism may be caused by several factors, including:
See less– **Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)**: This condition, which often begins with puberty, causes an imbalance of sex hormones.
– **Cushing syndrome**: This occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol.
– **Congenital adrenal hyperplasia**: This inherited condition is characterized by abnormal production of steroid hormones, including cortisol and androgen, by your adrenal glands.
– **Tumors**: Rarely, an androgen-secreting tumor in the ovaries or adrenal glands can cause hirsutism.
– **Medications**: Some medications can cause hirsutism. These include minoxidil (Minoxidil, Rogaine); danazol, which is used to treat women with endometriosis; testosterone (Androgel, Testim); and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).