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Cell injury can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical agents, chemical agents, drugs, lack of oxygen, nutrient imbalances, infections, immune issues, or genetic issues. Physical agents such as heat, radiation, and mechanical trauma can damage cells. Lack of oxygen or glucose, or impaired production of ATP can also deprive cells of essential materials needed to survive. Infections, immune issues, and genetic issues can also cause cell injury.
There are four types of cell injury:
1. Necrosis,
2. Apoptosis,
3. Autophagy, and
4. Necrosis with apoptosis.
Cell injury can be:
1. Reversible or
2. Irreversible, and
3. Can be caused by mechanisms such as mitochondrial damage, abnormal calcium homeostasis, DNA damage, membrane damage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress. Cell death is a state in which the cell ceases to carry out functions.