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What are the sequence of events in secondary wound healing?
Secondary wound healing occurs when the sides of the wound are not opposed, therefore healing must occur from the bottom of the wound upwards. It occurs in the same four stages as primary intention: Haemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation, and Remodelling. In Haemostasis, a large fibrin mesh forms,Read more
Secondary wound healing occurs when the sides of the wound are not opposed, therefore healing must occur from the bottom of the wound upwards. It occurs in the same four stages as primary intention: Haemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation, and Remodelling. In Haemostasis, a large fibrin mesh forms, which fills the wound. In Inflammation, an inflammatory response acts to remove any cell debris and pathogens present. In Proliferation, cytokines released by inflammatory cells drive the proliferation of fibroblasts and the formation of granulation tissue. Angiogenesis is promoted by the presence of growth mediators, allowing for further maturation of the granulation tissue; the production of collagen by fibroblasts allows for the closure of the wound after around a week. In Remodelling, collagen fibres are deposited within the wound to provide strength in the region, with the fibroblasts subsequently undergoing apoptosis.
See lessWhat are the sequence of events of septic shock?
Septic shock has three stages: 1. Stage I, also called compensated or nonprogressive; 2. Stage II, also called decompensated or progressive; and 3. Stage III, also called irreversible. In stage I, the body is able to compensate for the changes caused by the infection. In stage II, the body's compensRead more
Septic shock has three stages:
See less1. Stage I, also called compensated or nonprogressive;
2. Stage II, also called decompensated or progressive; and
3. Stage III, also called irreversible.
In stage I, the body is able to compensate for the changes caused by the infection. In stage II, the body’s compensatory mechanisms begin to fail and organ dysfunction begins. In stage III, the changes in the body are irreversible and multiple organ failure can occur.
What are the causes of acute inflammation?
Acute inflammation is the body's initial response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. Some factors and infections that can lead to acute inflammation include acute bronchitis, appendicitis, and other illnesses endingRead more
Acute inflammation is the body’s initial response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. Some factors and infections that can lead to acute inflammation include acute bronchitis, appendicitis, and other illnesses ending in “-itis”, an ingrown toenail, a sore throat from a cold or flu, physical trauma, or wound.
See lessWhat are the causes of acute inflammation?
Acute inflammation is the body's initial response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. Some factors and infections that can lead to acute inflammation include acute bronchitis, appendicitis, and other illnesses endingRead more
Acute inflammation is the body’s initial response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. Some factors and infections that can lead to acute inflammation include acute bronchitis, appendicitis, and other illnesses ending in “-itis”, an ingrown toenail, a sore throat from a cold or flu, physical trauma, or wound.
See lessWhat are the differences between exudate and transudate?
Exudate and transudate are two types of fluid buildup in the body. Transudate is caused by systemic conditions that alter the pressure in blood vessels, causing fluid to leave the vascular system. Transudate has a low protein content and appears clearer. Exudate, on the other hand, is caused by tissRead more
Exudate and transudate are two types of fluid buildup in the body. Transudate is caused by systemic conditions that alter the pressure in blood vessels, causing fluid to leave the vascular system. Transudate has a low protein content and appears clearer.
Exudate, on the other hand, is caused by tissue leakage due to inflammation or local cellular damage. Exudate has a high protein content and can be identified by Light’s criteria.
See lessWhat are the fates of acute inflammation?
Acute inflammation is the initial physiological response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. It can be acute (lasting for a few days) or chronic (in response to an ongoing and unresolved insult). Inflammation can deveRead more
Acute inflammation is the initial physiological response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. It can be acute (lasting for a few days) or chronic (in response to an ongoing and unresolved insult). Inflammation can develop into permanent tissue damage or fibrosis.
The outcome of acute inflammation can be:
See less1. **Complete resolution:** With total repair and destruction of the insult.
2. **Fibrosis and scar formation:** Occurs in cases of significant inflammation.
3. **Chronic inflammation:** From a persisting insult or failure of resolution.
4. **Formation of an abscess:** A localized collection of pus.
5. **Organization:** The replacement of inflamed tissue by granulation tissue and scar tissue.
What are the morphological types of acute inflammation?
Acute inflammation is the initial physiological response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. It can be acute (lasting for a few days) or chronic (in response to an ongoing and unresolved insult). Inflammation can deveRead more
Acute inflammation is the initial physiological response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. It can be acute (lasting for a few days) or chronic (in response to an ongoing and unresolved insult). Inflammation can develop into permanent tissue damage or fibrosis.
Different morphological types of acute inflammation include:
See less1. **Catarrhal inflammation:** A surface inflammation associated with greatly increased secretion of clear mucus. Later, polymorphs appear.
2. **Hemorrhagic inflammation:** Inflammation with bleeding.
3. **Suppuration:** Inflammation with pus formation.
4. **Serous inflammation:** Inflammation with fluid accumulation.
5. **Fibrinous inflammation:** Inflammation with fibrin deposition.
6. **Pseudomembranous inflammation:** Inflammation with a false membrane formation.
7. **Ulcer:** Inflammation with tissue loss.
What are the function of chemical mediators of inflammation?
Chemical mediators of inflammation are substances that are responsible for many of the inflammatory events. According to their origin, they are either plasma-derived or cell-derived. Most mediators perform their job by binding to specific receptors on target cells. One mediator can stimulate the relRead more
Chemical mediators of inflammation are substances that are responsible for many of the inflammatory events. According to their origin, they are either plasma-derived or cell-derived. Most mediators perform their job by binding to specific receptors on target cells. One mediator can stimulate the release of other mediators. The secondary mediators may have identical or similar actions to the initial mediators but may have opposing activities.
The functions of chemical mediators of inflammation include:
See less– **Stimulating release and mediation of target cells themselves:** The secondary mediators have similar or opposite effects.
– **Chemical action:** One or many target cells with different effects.
– **Scavenging oxygen species**.
– **Causing tissue damage:** Histamine and serotonin are examples of mediators that cause tissue damage.
What are the different phases of phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is a process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. Phagocytes may be free-living one-celled organisms, such as amoebas, or body cells, such as white blood cells. In higher animals, phagocytosis is chiefly a defensive reaction againstRead more
Phagocytosis is a process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. Phagocytes may be free-living one-celled organisms, such as amoebas, or body cells, such as white blood cells. In higher animals, phagocytosis is chiefly a defensive reaction against infection.
The process of phagocytosis can be divided into several steps:
See less1. **Activation of Phagocytic cells and Chemotaxis:** The cell that will perform phagocytosis is activated. In the case of immune cells, activation occurs when the cells are near bacterial cells or parts of bacterial cells. Receptors on the surface of the cells bind to these molecules and cause the cells to respond.
2. **Recognition of invading microbes:** In the immune system, chemotaxis may occur. Chemotaxis is the movement of phagocytes toward a concentration of molecules. Immune cells pick up chemical signals and migrate toward invading bacteria or damaged cells.
3. **Ingestion and formation of phagosomes:** The cell attaches to the particle that it will ingest. Attachment is necessary for ingestion to occur ¹.
4. **Formation of phagolysome:** The cell ingests the particle, and the particle is enclosed in a vesicle (a sphere of cell membrane with fluid in it) called a phagosome.
5. **Microbial killing and formation of residual bodies:** The phagosome then fuses with a lysosome, forming a phagolysosome, where the particle is digested.
6. **Elimination or exocytosis:** The digested material is then released from the cell.
How we can classify metaplasia?
Metaplasia is the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may be part of a normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus. While metaplasia can occur in many different organs, there are thrRead more
Metaplasia is the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may be part of a normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus.
While metaplasia can occur in many different organs, there are three general categories of metaplasia: squamous metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia, and acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM). Different kinds of metaplasia can occur in different areas of the body and organs.
See less