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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
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pharmacodynamicspharmacotherapeutic
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Pharmacodynamics refers to how a drug affects the body, including its mechanism of action, interactions with receptors, and physiological effects. Pharmacotherapeutics, on the other hand, involves the practical application of drugs to treat medical conditions. The relationship between the two lies iRead more

    Pharmacodynamics refers to how a drug affects the body, including its mechanism of action, interactions with receptors, and physiological effects. Pharmacotherapeutics, on the other hand, involves the practical application of drugs to treat medical conditions. The relationship between the two lies in understanding how the pharmacodynamics of a drug influences its therapeutic use and potential benefits for patients. In other words, pharmacodynamics provides the scientific basis for the selection and use of drugs in pharmacotherapeutics.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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classificationsdenguetypes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    There are four distinct serotypes of the dengue virus: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Each serotype can cause the same range of symptoms, from mild dengue fever to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever. Having immunity to one serotype does not provide immunity to the others, and subsequent infections witRead more

    There are four distinct serotypes of the dengue virus: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Each serotype can cause the same range of symptoms, from mild dengue fever to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever. Having immunity to one serotype does not provide immunity to the others, and subsequent infections with different serotypes can increase the risk of severe dengue.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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causesdengue
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Dengue is primarily caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These mosquitoes become infected when they bite a person already infected with the virus. The virus cannot be spread directlRead more

    Dengue is primarily caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These mosquitoes become infected when they bite a person already infected with the virus. The virus cannot be spread directly from person to person. Factors such as stagnant water, urbanization, and travel to dengue-endemic areas can contribute to the spread of the disease by creating favorable conditions for mosquito breeding and transmission.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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dengue
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The pathophysiology of dengue involves several key processes: 1. **Virus Replication and Immune Response:** After a mosquito bite, the dengue virus enters the bloodstream and infects immune cells. The immune system responds by producing antibodies to fight the virus. However, in some cases, this immRead more

    The pathophysiology of dengue involves several key processes:

    1. **Virus Replication and Immune Response:** After a mosquito bite, the dengue virus enters the bloodstream and infects immune cells. The immune system responds by producing antibodies to fight the virus. However, in some cases, this immune response can lead to increased viral replication and inflammation.

    2. **Vascular Leakage:** One of the hallmark features of severe dengue is vascular leakage. The virus affects the endothelial cells lining blood vessels, causing them to become more permeable. This can result in plasma leakage from blood vessels into surrounding tissues, leading to fluid accumulation and potentially life-threatening complications.

    3. **Cytokine Storm:** In severe cases, an excessive immune response can occur, known as a cytokine storm. This involves the release of a large amount of immune signaling molecules (cytokines) into the bloodstream, contributing to inflammation, tissue damage, and vascular leakage.

    4. **Coagulation Abnormalities:** Dengue infection can disrupt the normal balance of blood clotting, leading to coagulation abnormalities. This can contribute to bleeding tendencies, such as nosebleeds, gum bleeding, and, in severe cases, internal bleeding.

    5. **Organ Involvement:** Severe dengue can affect various organs, including the liver, heart, and nervous system. Liver inflammation and dysfunction can lead to elevated liver enzymes, while heart involvement can cause arrhythmias and other cardiac issues.

    6. **Fluid Imbalance and Shock:** The combination of vascular leakage, fluid accumulation, and changes in blood composition can lead to a state of shock known as dengue shock syndrome. This is characterized by a rapid drop in blood pressure and reduced blood circulation, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

    It’s important to note that the severity of dengue symptoms and complications can vary widely from person to person, and not all individuals infected with the virus will develop severe disease. Early recognition, supportive care, and proper medical management are crucial in preventing and treating severe dengue cases.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Pundit

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complicationsdengue
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Complications of dengue can vary in severity and may include: 1. **Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF):** DHF is a severe form of dengue characterized by increased vascular permeability, which can lead to plasma leakage, internal bleeding, and shock. It may result in organ failure and can be life-threateRead more

    Complications of dengue can vary in severity and may include:

    1. **Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF):** DHF is a severe form of dengue characterized by increased vascular permeability, which can lead to plasma leakage, internal bleeding, and shock. It may result in organ failure and can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.

    2. **Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS):** DSS is a severe manifestation of dengue characterized by profound shock due to fluid loss from blood vessels. It can lead to organ failure and is considered a medical emergency.

    3. **Organ Involvement:** Dengue can affect various organs, including the liver, heart, and nervous system, leading to complications such as liver enlargement, abnormal heart rhythms, and neurological issues.

    4. **Severe Bleeding:** In some cases, dengue can lead to severe bleeding, including gastrointestinal bleeding, nosebleeds, and gum bleeding.

    5. **Multi-organ Failure:** Severe dengue can result in multi-organ failure, where multiple organs in the body cease to function properly.

    6. **Hypovolemic Shock:** This occurs when the body loses too much blood or fluid, leading to a dangerous drop in blood pressure and inadequate blood circulation.

    7. **Death:** While most dengue cases are mild and can be managed with appropriate medical care, severe dengue can be fatal if not treated promptly and effectively.

    It’s important to note that not everyone who contracts dengue will experience complications, and the majority of cases are mild. However, being aware of the potential complications and seeking medical attention if you suspect dengue is crucial for early diagnosis and appropriate management.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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denguediagnosis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The laboratory diagnosis of dengue typically involves tests such as: 1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Detects viral RNA in blood. 2. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Detects antibodies or antigens in blood. 3. NS1 Antigen Test: Detects dengue virus protein in blood. 4. Hematocrit (HCT)Read more

    The laboratory diagnosis of dengue typically involves tests such as:

    1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Detects viral RNA in blood.
    2. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Detects antibodies or antigens in blood.
    3. NS1 Antigen Test: Detects dengue virus protein in blood.
    4. Hematocrit (HCT) and Platelet Count: Monitoring changes in blood components.
    5. Virus Isolation: Culturing the virus from blood or other body fluids.

    Consult a medical professional for accurate diagnosis and interpretation of test results.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Dr Beauty Akther
Pundit

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complicationsdengueinvestigation
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Laboratory investigations for dengue complications may include: 1. Complete Blood Count (CBC): To monitor platelet and white blood cell levels. 2. Hematocrit (HCT): Monitoring for hemoconcentration. 3. Liver Function Tests (LFTs): Assessing liver damage. 4. Kidney Function Tests (KFTs): Monitoring rRead more

    Laboratory investigations for dengue complications may include:

    1. Complete Blood Count (CBC): To monitor platelet and white blood cell levels.
    2. Hematocrit (HCT): Monitoring for hemoconcentration.
    3. Liver Function Tests (LFTs): Assessing liver damage.
    4. Kidney Function Tests (KFTs): Monitoring renal function.
    5. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT): Assessing clotting function.
    6. Serum Electrolytes: Checking for imbalances due to fluid loss.
    7. Chest X-ray: If respiratory symptoms develop.

    These tests help monitor and manage potential complications like severe bleeding, organ dysfunction, and shock associated with dengue. It’s important to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bloodcoagulationmechanism
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    The mechanism of blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The mechanism of coagulation involves activatioRead more

    The mechanism of blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The mechanism of coagulation involves activation, adhesion, and aggregation of platelets, as well as deposition and maturation of fibrin¹. Coagulation begins almost instantly after an injury to the endothelium lining a blood vessel.

    Exposure of blood to the subendothelial space initiates two processes: changes in platelets, and the exposure of subendothelial tissue factor to plasma factor VII, which ultimately leads to cross-linked fibrin formation. Platelets immediately form a plug at the site of injury; this is called primary hemostasis. Secondary hemostasis occurs simultaneously: additional coagulation (clotting) factors beyond factor VII (listed below) respond in a cascade to form fibrin strands, which strengthen the platelet plug.

    Disorders of coagulation are disease states which can result in problems with hemorrhage, bruising, or thrombosis. Coagulation is highly conserved throughout biology. In all mammals, coagulation involves both cellular components (platelets) and proteinaceous components (here, coagulation factors). The pathway in humans has been the most extensively researched and is the best understood.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bloodcoagulationfactors
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood coagulation is a sequential process that involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors. There are 13 principal coagulation factors in all, and each of these has been assigned a Roman numeral, I to XIII. Coagulation can be initiated through the activation of tRead more

    Blood coagulation is a sequential process that involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors. There are 13 principal coagulation factors in all, and each of these has been assigned a Roman numeral, I to XIII. Coagulation can be initiated through the activation of two separate pathways, designated extrinsic and intrinsic. Both pathways result in the production of factor X. The activation of this factor marks the beginning of the so-called common pathway of coagulation, which results in the formation of a clot.

    The extrinsic pathway is generally the first pathway activated in the coagulation process and is stimulated in response to a protein called tissue factor, which is expressed by cells that are normally found external to blood vessels. However, when a blood vessel breaks and these cells come into contact with blood, tissue factor activates factor VII, forming factor VIIa, which triggers a cascade of reactions that result in the rapid production of factor X.

    In contrast, the intrinsic pathway is activated by an injury that occurs within a blood vessel. This pathway begins with the activation of factor XII (Hageman factor), which occurs when blood circulates over injured internal surfaces of vessels. Components of the intrinsic pathway also may be activated by the extrinsic pathway; for example, in addition to activating factor X, factor VIIa activates factor IX, a necessary component of the intrinsic pathway. Such cross-activation serves to amplify the coagulation process.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bloodcoagulation
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The formation of a clot is often referred to as secondary hemostRead more

    Blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The formation of a clot is often referred to as secondary hemostasis because it forms the second stage in the process of arresting the loss of blood from a ruptured vessel. The first stage, primary hemostasis, is characterized by blood vessel constriction (vasoconstriction) and platelet aggregation at the site of vessel injury. Blood clotting is an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins in your plasma (the liquid part of the blood) work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the injury.

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