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Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the circulatory system is also known as peripheral blood, and the blood cells it carries, peripheral blood cells. Blood contains specialized cells that serve particular functions. These cells are suspended in a liquid matrix known as plasma. Blood is both a tissue and a fluid. It is a tissue because it is a collection of similarly specialized cells that serve particular functions. If blood flow ceases, death will occur within minutes because of the effects of an unfavorable environment on highly susceptible cells.

 

Asked: 3 months agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
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bloodgroup
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood groups are classified based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma. The two most important systems used worldwide are the ABO system and the Rh system, but there are many others recognized for clinical and scientific purpoRead more

    Blood groups are classified based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma. The two most important systems used worldwide are the ABO system and the Rh system, but there are many others recognized for clinical and scientific purposes.

    🩸 Major Blood Group Systems

    1. ABO Blood Group System
    – A: Has A antigens on red cells and anti-B antibodies in plasma.
    – B: Has B antigens and anti-A antibodies.
    – AB: Has both A and B antigens, no antibodies.
    – O: Has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
    – Most critical for transfusions and organ transplants.

    2. Rh (Rhesus) Blood Group System
    – Rh Positive (Rh⁺): Has the RhD antigen.
    – Rh Negative (Rh⁻): Lacks the RhD antigen.
    – Important in pregnancy and transfusion compatibility.

    🧬 Other Recognized Blood Group Systems

    The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) recognizes 43 blood group systems, including:

    1. MNS- M, N, S, s, U (Involved in transfusion reactions)
    2. Kell- K, k (Can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn)
    3. Duffy- Fya, Fyb (Associated with malaria resistance)
    4. Kidd- Jka, Jkb- Important in delayed transfusion reactions)
    5. Lutheran- Lua, Lub (Rarely causes transfusion issues)
    6. Lewis- Lea, Leb (Found in secretions and plasma)
    7. P- P1, Pk (Linked to rare hemolytic reactions)

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Asked: 4 months agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
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bloodcomposition
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    🩸 Here's a detailed breakdown of the composition of human blood—a remarkable fluid that keeps everything in motion: 🔬 Main Components of Blood Blood is made up of two major parts: 1. Plasma (≈ 55%) The straw-colored liquid portion that acts as the transport medium. - 💧 Water (90–92%): Serves as a soRead more

    🩸 Here’s a detailed breakdown of the composition of human blood—a remarkable fluid that keeps everything in motion:

    🔬 Main Components of Blood

    Blood is made up of two major parts:

    1. Plasma (≈ 55%)
    The straw-colored liquid portion that acts as the transport medium.

    – 💧 Water (90–92%): Serves as a solvent and carrier for nutrients and waste.
    – 🧪 Proteins (7–8%):
    – Albumin – Maintains osmotic pressure.
    – Globulins – Aid immunity.
    – Fibrinogen – Helps with blood clotting.
    – ⚡ Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate.
    – 🍬 Nutrients: Glucose, amino acids, lipids.
    – 🧼 Waste Products: Urea, creatinine, bilirubin.
    – 🧬 Hormones & Enzymes: For signaling and regulation.

    2. Formed Elements (≈ 45%)
    These are the cells suspended in plasma.

    1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) ~99% of cells; Carry oxygen using hemoglobin
    2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) <1% ; Fight infection and disease
    3. Platelets (Thrombocytes) <1%; Help blood clotting and repair vessel damage

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Asked: 2 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
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bloodcoagulationmechanism
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    The mechanism of blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The mechanism of coagulation involves activatioRead more

    The mechanism of blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The mechanism of coagulation involves activation, adhesion, and aggregation of platelets, as well as deposition and maturation of fibrin¹. Coagulation begins almost instantly after an injury to the endothelium lining a blood vessel.

    Exposure of blood to the subendothelial space initiates two processes: changes in platelets, and the exposure of subendothelial tissue factor to plasma factor VII, which ultimately leads to cross-linked fibrin formation. Platelets immediately form a plug at the site of injury; this is called primary hemostasis. Secondary hemostasis occurs simultaneously: additional coagulation (clotting) factors beyond factor VII (listed below) respond in a cascade to form fibrin strands, which strengthen the platelet plug.

    Disorders of coagulation are disease states which can result in problems with hemorrhage, bruising, or thrombosis. Coagulation is highly conserved throughout biology. In all mammals, coagulation involves both cellular components (platelets) and proteinaceous components (here, coagulation factors). The pathway in humans has been the most extensively researched and is the best understood.

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Asked: 2 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
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bloodcoagulationfactors
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood coagulation is a sequential process that involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors. There are 13 principal coagulation factors in all, and each of these has been assigned a Roman numeral, I to XIII. Coagulation can be initiated through the activation of tRead more

    Blood coagulation is a sequential process that involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors. There are 13 principal coagulation factors in all, and each of these has been assigned a Roman numeral, I to XIII. Coagulation can be initiated through the activation of two separate pathways, designated extrinsic and intrinsic. Both pathways result in the production of factor X. The activation of this factor marks the beginning of the so-called common pathway of coagulation, which results in the formation of a clot.

    The extrinsic pathway is generally the first pathway activated in the coagulation process and is stimulated in response to a protein called tissue factor, which is expressed by cells that are normally found external to blood vessels. However, when a blood vessel breaks and these cells come into contact with blood, tissue factor activates factor VII, forming factor VIIa, which triggers a cascade of reactions that result in the rapid production of factor X.

    In contrast, the intrinsic pathway is activated by an injury that occurs within a blood vessel. This pathway begins with the activation of factor XII (Hageman factor), which occurs when blood circulates over injured internal surfaces of vessels. Components of the intrinsic pathway also may be activated by the extrinsic pathway; for example, in addition to activating factor X, factor VIIa activates factor IX, a necessary component of the intrinsic pathway. Such cross-activation serves to amplify the coagulation process.

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Asked: 2 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bloodcoagulation
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The formation of a clot is often referred to as secondary hemostRead more

    Blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The formation of a clot is often referred to as secondary hemostasis because it forms the second stage in the process of arresting the loss of blood from a ruptured vessel. The first stage, primary hemostasis, is characterized by blood vessel constriction (vasoconstriction) and platelet aggregation at the site of vessel injury. Blood clotting is an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins in your plasma (the liquid part of the blood) work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the injury.

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Asked: 2 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bloodfunctions
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood is a vital fluid that performs many important functions in the body. Some of the primary functions of blood include: 1. Transportation: Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and removes wastes from them. Nutrients from the foods you eat are absorbed in the digestive tract and traveRead more

    Blood is a vital fluid that performs many important functions in the body. Some of the primary functions of blood include:

    1. Transportation: Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and removes wastes from them. Nutrients from the foods you eat are absorbed in the digestive tract and travel in the bloodstream directly to the liver, where they are processed and released back into the bloodstream for delivery to body cells. Oxygen from the air you breathe diffuses into the blood, which moves from the lungs to the heart, which then pumps it to the rest of the body. Blood also picks up cellular wastes and byproducts, and transports them to various organs for removal.

    2. Defense: Many types of white blood cells (WBCs) protect the body from external threats, such as disease-causing bacteria that have entered the bloodstream in a wound. Other WBCs seek out and destroy internal threats, such as cells with mutated DNA that could multiply to become cancerous, or body cells infected with viruses. When damage to the vessels results in bleeding, blood platelets and certain proteins dissolved in the plasma interact to create clots that block the ruptured areas of the blood vessels involved. This protects the body from further blood loss.

    3. Maintenance of Homeostasis: Blood helps regulate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body. It helps maintain homeostasis through the release or conservation of warmth. Blood vessels expand and contract when they react to outside organisms, such as bacteria, and to internal hormone and chemical changes. These actions move blood and heat closer to or farther from the skin surface, where heat is lost.

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Asked: 2 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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blood
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the circulatory system is also known as peripheral blood, and theRead more

    Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the circulatory system is also known as peripheral blood, and the blood cells it carries, peripheral blood cells. Blood contains specialized cells that serve particular functions. These cells are suspended in a liquid matrix known as plasma. Blood is both a tissue and a fluid. It is a tissue because it is a collection of similarly specialized cells that serve particular functions. If blood flow ceases, death will occur within minutes because of the effects of an unfavorable environment on highly susceptible cells.

    See less