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What are the causes of acute inflammation?
Acute inflammation is the body's initial response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. Some factors and infections that can lead to acute inflammation include acute bronchitis, appendicitis, and other illnesses endingRead more
Acute inflammation is the body’s initial response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. Some factors and infections that can lead to acute inflammation include acute bronchitis, appendicitis, and other illnesses ending in “-itis”, an ingrown toenail, a sore throat from a cold or flu, physical trauma, or wound.
See lessWhat are the causes of acute inflammation?
Acute inflammation is the body's initial response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. Some factors and infections that can lead to acute inflammation include acute bronchitis, appendicitis, and other illnesses endingRead more
Acute inflammation is the body’s initial response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. Some factors and infections that can lead to acute inflammation include acute bronchitis, appendicitis, and other illnesses ending in “-itis”, an ingrown toenail, a sore throat from a cold or flu, physical trauma, or wound.
See lessWhat are the differences between exudate and transudate?
Exudate and transudate are two types of fluid buildup in the body. Transudate is caused by systemic conditions that alter the pressure in blood vessels, causing fluid to leave the vascular system. Transudate has a low protein content and appears clearer. Exudate, on the other hand, is caused by tissRead more
Exudate and transudate are two types of fluid buildup in the body. Transudate is caused by systemic conditions that alter the pressure in blood vessels, causing fluid to leave the vascular system. Transudate has a low protein content and appears clearer.
Exudate, on the other hand, is caused by tissue leakage due to inflammation or local cellular damage. Exudate has a high protein content and can be identified by Light’s criteria.
See lessWhat are the fates of acute inflammation?
Acute inflammation is the initial physiological response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. It can be acute (lasting for a few days) or chronic (in response to an ongoing and unresolved insult). Inflammation can deveRead more
Acute inflammation is the initial physiological response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. It can be acute (lasting for a few days) or chronic (in response to an ongoing and unresolved insult). Inflammation can develop into permanent tissue damage or fibrosis.
The outcome of acute inflammation can be:
See less1. **Complete resolution:** With total repair and destruction of the insult.
2. **Fibrosis and scar formation:** Occurs in cases of significant inflammation.
3. **Chronic inflammation:** From a persisting insult or failure of resolution.
4. **Formation of an abscess:** A localized collection of pus.
5. **Organization:** The replacement of inflamed tissue by granulation tissue and scar tissue.
What are the morphological types of acute inflammation?
Acute inflammation is the initial physiological response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. It can be acute (lasting for a few days) or chronic (in response to an ongoing and unresolved insult). Inflammation can deveRead more
Acute inflammation is the initial physiological response to tissue damage, such as that caused by mechanical, thermal, electrical, irradiation, chemical, or infective insults. It can be acute (lasting for a few days) or chronic (in response to an ongoing and unresolved insult). Inflammation can develop into permanent tissue damage or fibrosis.
Different morphological types of acute inflammation include:
See less1. **Catarrhal inflammation:** A surface inflammation associated with greatly increased secretion of clear mucus. Later, polymorphs appear.
2. **Hemorrhagic inflammation:** Inflammation with bleeding.
3. **Suppuration:** Inflammation with pus formation.
4. **Serous inflammation:** Inflammation with fluid accumulation.
5. **Fibrinous inflammation:** Inflammation with fibrin deposition.
6. **Pseudomembranous inflammation:** Inflammation with a false membrane formation.
7. **Ulcer:** Inflammation with tissue loss.
What are the function of chemical mediators of inflammation?
Chemical mediators of inflammation are substances that are responsible for many of the inflammatory events. According to their origin, they are either plasma-derived or cell-derived. Most mediators perform their job by binding to specific receptors on target cells. One mediator can stimulate the relRead more
Chemical mediators of inflammation are substances that are responsible for many of the inflammatory events. According to their origin, they are either plasma-derived or cell-derived. Most mediators perform their job by binding to specific receptors on target cells. One mediator can stimulate the release of other mediators. The secondary mediators may have identical or similar actions to the initial mediators but may have opposing activities.
The functions of chemical mediators of inflammation include:
See less– **Stimulating release and mediation of target cells themselves:** The secondary mediators have similar or opposite effects.
– **Chemical action:** One or many target cells with different effects.
– **Scavenging oxygen species**.
– **Causing tissue damage:** Histamine and serotonin are examples of mediators that cause tissue damage.
What are the different phases of phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is a process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. Phagocytes may be free-living one-celled organisms, such as amoebas, or body cells, such as white blood cells. In higher animals, phagocytosis is chiefly a defensive reaction againstRead more
Phagocytosis is a process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. Phagocytes may be free-living one-celled organisms, such as amoebas, or body cells, such as white blood cells. In higher animals, phagocytosis is chiefly a defensive reaction against infection.
The process of phagocytosis can be divided into several steps:
See less1. **Activation of Phagocytic cells and Chemotaxis:** The cell that will perform phagocytosis is activated. In the case of immune cells, activation occurs when the cells are near bacterial cells or parts of bacterial cells. Receptors on the surface of the cells bind to these molecules and cause the cells to respond.
2. **Recognition of invading microbes:** In the immune system, chemotaxis may occur. Chemotaxis is the movement of phagocytes toward a concentration of molecules. Immune cells pick up chemical signals and migrate toward invading bacteria or damaged cells.
3. **Ingestion and formation of phagosomes:** The cell attaches to the particle that it will ingest. Attachment is necessary for ingestion to occur ¹.
4. **Formation of phagolysome:** The cell ingests the particle, and the particle is enclosed in a vesicle (a sphere of cell membrane with fluid in it) called a phagosome.
5. **Microbial killing and formation of residual bodies:** The phagosome then fuses with a lysosome, forming a phagolysosome, where the particle is digested.
6. **Elimination or exocytosis:** The digested material is then released from the cell.
How we can classify metaplasia?
Metaplasia is the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may be part of a normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus. While metaplasia can occur in many different organs, there are thrRead more
Metaplasia is the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may be part of a normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus.
While metaplasia can occur in many different organs, there are three general categories of metaplasia: squamous metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia, and acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM). Different kinds of metaplasia can occur in different areas of the body and organs.
See lessWhat are the differences between primary and secondary immune response?
The primary immune response occurs when an antigen comes in contact with the immune system for the first time. During this time, the immune system has to learn to recognize the antigen and how to make an antibody against it. This process can take several days to weeks. The secondary immune responseRead more
The primary immune response occurs when an antigen comes in contact with the immune system for the first time. During this time, the immune system has to learn to recognize the antigen and how to make an antibody against it. This process can take several days to weeks.
The secondary immune response occurs when the same antigen is encountered again at a later time. Due to the presence of memory cells, the lag phase of the secondary immune response is shorter than that of the primary immune response. The secondary immune response is also stronger and faster than the primary immune response.
See lessWhat are the differences between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity is defined as immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to all or part of that pathogen. When the body is exposed to a novel disease agent, a cascade of signaling molecules and action from the innate immune system results in the activation of the adaptive immune system. PRead more
Active immunity is defined as immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to all or part of that pathogen. When the body is exposed to a novel disease agent, a cascade of signaling molecules and action from the innate immune system results in the activation of the adaptive immune system. Production of large numbers of T cells and B cells specific to the pathogen is promoted.
Passive immunity, on the other hand, is developed by antibodies that are produced outside and then introduced into the body. This can occur naturally, such as when antibodies are transferred from a mother to her baby through the placenta or breast milk, or artificially, such as when a person is given an injection of antibodies.
See less