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How we can classify neoplasm on the basis of origin and behavior?
Neoplasms can be classified based on their histological type, which refers to the type of tissue in which the cancer originates. The international standard for the classification and nomenclature of histologies is the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (ICD-O-3). FrRead more
Neoplasms can be classified based on their histological type, which refers to the type of tissue in which the cancer originates. The international standard for the classification and nomenclature of histologies is the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (ICD-O-3).
From a histological standpoint, there are hundreds of different cancers, which are grouped into six major categories:
1. Carcinoma,
2. Sarcoma,
3. Myeloma,
4. Leukemia,
5. Lymphoma, and
6. Mixed types.
Carcinoma refers to a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body. Carcinomas account for 80 to 90 percent of all cancer cases. Sarcoma refers to cancer that originates in supportive and connective tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, and fat. Myeloma is a cancer that originates in the plasma cells of bone marrow. Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow (the site of blood cell production).
Neoplasms can also be classified based on their behavior. According to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), neoplasms are classified into four main groups:
1. Benign neoplasms,
2. In situ neoplasms,
3. Malignant neoplasms, and
4. Neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior.
Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body and are not life-threatening. In situ, neoplasms are abnormal growths that remain in their original location and have not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, also known as cancers, are abnormal growths that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. Neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior are growths for which it is not yet known whether they are benign or malignant.
See lessWhat is the pathogenesis of dry Gangrene?
Dry gangrene is a type of gangrene that occurs when the blood supply to the tissue is cut off, leading to prolonged ischemia (lack of oxygen) or inadequate oxygenation. This can be due to peripheral artery disease or acute limb ischemia. As a result, people with atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, diRead more
Dry gangrene is a type of gangrene that occurs when the blood supply to the tissue is cut off, leading to prolonged ischemia (lack of oxygen) or inadequate oxygenation. This can be due to peripheral artery disease or acute limb ischemia. As a result, people with atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smokers commonly have dry gangrene. The limited oxygen in the ischemic limb limits putrefaction and bacteria fail to survive.
See lessWhat is the pathogenesis of Gas Gangrene?
Gas gangrene, also called myonecrosis, is a type of wet gangrene that is caused predominantly by **Clostridium perfringens** bacteria. The pathogenesis of gas gangrene involves the entry of bacteria into an ischemic wound, which provides anaerobic conditions for the bacteria due to a lack of blood sRead more
Gas gangrene, also called myonecrosis, is a type of wet gangrene that is caused predominantly by **Clostridium perfringens** bacteria. The pathogenesis of gas gangrene involves the entry of bacteria into an ischemic wound, which provides anaerobic conditions for the bacteria due to a lack of blood supply. The bacteria then multiply in the dead tissue and produce exotoxins such as alpha toxin (lecithinase), which lyses erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and muscle cells.
The local effects of gas gangrene include necrosis of muscle and subcutaneous fat, thrombosis of blood vessels, marked edema which further compromises blood supply to the region, and gas production by fermentation of glucose. Systemic effects include hemolysis and cardiovascular abnormalities. The exotoxins further create more anaerobic conditions suitable for clostridium to proliferate and spread. Death may occur due to septic shock and unintentionally damaging effects of the immune response.
See lessHow we can differentiate the dry and moist Gangrene?
Gangrene comes in two forms: 1. Dry, and 2. Wet. **Dry gangrene** occurs when the blood supply to the tissue is cut off. The area becomes dry, shrinks, and turns black. The main causes of dry gangrene include diabetes, arteriosclerosis, trauma, frostbite, injury, or tobacco addiction. On the other hRead more
Gangrene comes in two forms:
1. Dry, and
2. Wet.
**Dry gangrene** occurs when the blood supply to the tissue is cut off. The area becomes dry, shrinks, and turns black. The main causes of dry gangrene include diabetes, arteriosclerosis, trauma, frostbite, injury, or tobacco addiction.
On the other hand, **wet gangrene** occurs if bacteria invade this tissue. This makes the area swell, drain fluid, and smell bad. Wet gangrene mainly results from venous obstruction associated with infections.
See lessHow we can differentiate the dry and moist Gangrene?
Gangrene comes in two forms: 1. Dry, and 2. Wet. **Dry gangrene** occurs when the blood supply to the tissue is cut off. The area becomes dry, shrinks, and turns black. The main causes of dry gangrene include diabetes, arteriosclerosis, trauma, frostbite, injury, or tobacco addiction. On the other hRead more
Gangrene comes in two forms:
1. Dry, and
2. Wet.
**Dry gangrene** occurs when the blood supply to the tissue is cut off. The area becomes dry, shrinks, and turns black. The main causes of dry gangrene include diabetes, arteriosclerosis, trauma, frostbite, injury, or tobacco addiction.
On the other hand, **wet gangrene** occurs if bacteria invade this tissue. This makes the area swell, drain fluid, and smell bad. Wet gangrene mainly results from venous obstruction associated with infections.
See lessWhat are the complications of necrosis?
Necrosis is the death of cells in your body tissues. When the cells in your tissues die, it can affect many different areas of your body, including your bones, skin, and organs. Some complications of necrosis include leakage and skin irritations, high output resulting in fluid and electrolyte imbalaRead more
Necrosis is the death of cells in your body tissues. When the cells in your tissues die, it can affect many different areas of your body, including your bones, skin, and organs. Some complications of necrosis include leakage and skin irritations, high output resulting in fluid and electrolyte imbalances, or stoma necrosis; late complications include parastomal hernia, stoma prolapse, and stoma stenosis. In the case of avascular necrosis (AVN), when the bone does not get enough oxygen, the bone tissue can die. When there is not enough blood reaching the bone, the joint can narrow and the bone can collapse.
See lessWhat are the different types of cell injury?
There are four types of cell injury: 1. Necrosis, 2. Apoptosis, 3. Autophagy, and 4. Necrosis with apoptosis. Cell injury can be: 1. Reversible or 2. Irreversible, and can be caused by mechanisms such as mitochondrial damage, abnormal calcium homeostasis, DNA damage, membrane damage, endoplasmic retRead more
There are four types of cell injury:
See less1. Necrosis,
2. Apoptosis,
3. Autophagy, and
4. Necrosis with apoptosis.
Cell injury can be:
1. Reversible or
2. Irreversible, and can be caused by mechanisms such as mitochondrial damage, abnormal calcium homeostasis, DNA damage, membrane damage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress. Cell death is a state in which the cell ceases to carry out functions.
What are the differences between coagulative and caseous necrosis?
**Coagulative necrosis** generally occurs due to an infarct (lack of blood flow from an obstruction causing ischemia) and can occur in all the cells of the body except the brain. The heart, kidney, adrenal glands, or spleen are good examples of coagulative necrosis. Cells that undergo coagulative neRead more
**Coagulative necrosis** generally occurs due to an infarct (lack of blood flow from an obstruction causing ischemia) and can occur in all the cells of the body except the brain. The heart, kidney, adrenal glands, or spleen are good examples of coagulative necrosis. Cells that undergo coagulative necrosis can become dry, hard, and white.
On the other hand, **caseous necrosis** is a unique form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance. It is also a distinctive form of coagulative necrosis. The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass. Frequently, caseous necrosis is encountered in the foci of tuberculosis infections.
See lessWhat are the common causes of necrosis?
Necrosis is the death of cells in your body tissues. It can occur due to injuries, infections, diseases, lack of blood flow to your tissues, and extreme environmental conditions. Some common causes of necrosis include spider bites, gangrene, bed sores, necrotizing fasciitis, osteonecrosis, frostbiteRead more
Necrosis is the death of cells in your body tissues. It can occur due to injuries, infections, diseases, lack of blood flow to your tissues, and extreme environmental conditions. Some common causes of necrosis include spider bites, gangrene, bed sores, necrotizing fasciitis, osteonecrosis, frostbite, and avascular necrosis.
See lessWhat are the different causes of cell injury?
There are four types of cell injury: 1. Necrosis, 2. Apoptosis, 3. Autophagy, and 4. Necrosis with apoptosis. Cell injury can be: 1. Reversible or 2. Irreversible, and 3. Can be caused by mechanisms such as mitochondrial damage, abnormal calcium homeostasis, DNA damage, membrane damage, endoplasmicRead more
There are four types of cell injury:
1. Necrosis,
2. Apoptosis,
3. Autophagy, and
4. Necrosis with apoptosis.
Cell injury can be:
See less1. Reversible or
2. Irreversible, and
3. Can be caused by mechanisms such as mitochondrial damage, abnormal calcium homeostasis, DNA damage, membrane damage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress. Cell death is a state in which the cell ceases to carry out functions.