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What are the virulance factors of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has many virulence factors, which can be divided across: 1. Lipid and fatty acid metabolism, 2. Cell envelope proteins, 3. Macrophage inhibitors, 4. Kinase proteins, 5. Proteases, 6. Metal-transporter proteins, and 7. Gene expression regulators. Some of the virulence factoRead more
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has many virulence factors, which can be divided across:
See less1. Lipid and fatty acid metabolism,
2. Cell envelope proteins,
3. Macrophage inhibitors,
4. Kinase proteins,
5. Proteases,
6. Metal-transporter proteins, and
7. Gene expression regulators.
Some of the virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis include:
1. Surface-exposed lipids in the mycobacterial outer membrane,
2. Esx family proteins,
3. Pro-Glu (PE)/ Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) family proteins secreted by type VII secretion systems (T7SS),
4. Alternative sigma factors,
5. Transcriptional repressors and activators,
6. Two-component signaling systems,
7. Metabolic enzymes and
8. Cellular secretory systems.
What is atypical mycobacteria?
Atypical mycobacteria are mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. They are found in nature, such as in soil, water, and animals, and may colonize poorly sanitized medical equipment. They can cause various infections in humans, such as skin, soft tissue, lymph node, lung, and disseminRead more
Atypical mycobacteria are mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. They are found in nature, such as in soil, water, and animals, and may colonize poorly sanitized medical equipment. They can cause various infections in humans, such as skin, soft tissue, lymph node, lung, and disseminated infections. Some of the most common species of atypical mycobacteria that cause human infections are:
See less1. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
2. Mycobacterium kansasii
3. Mycobacterium marinum
4. Mycobacterium ulcerans
5. Mycobacterium abscessus complex
6. Mycobacterium chelonae, and
7. Mycobacterium fortuitum
What are the different types of corynebacterium?
Corynebacterium is a genus of bacteria that are gram-positive and aerobic. There are many different species of Corynebacterium, some of which are pathogenic to humans. Some examples include Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Corynebacterium ulcerans.
Corynebacterium is a genus of bacteria that are gram-positive and aerobic. There are many different species of Corynebacterium, some of which are pathogenic to humans. Some examples include Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Corynebacterium ulcerans.
See lessWhat are the pathogenesis of diptheria?
Diphtheria is caused by bacteria that adhere to the lining of your respiratory system and generate a toxin that damages your respiratory tissue cells. The pathogenesis of diphtheria is based upon two primary determinants: the ability of a given strain of C diphtheria to colonize in the nasopharyngeaRead more
Diphtheria is caused by bacteria that adhere to the lining of your respiratory system and generate a toxin that damages your respiratory tissue cells. The pathogenesis of diphtheria is based upon two primary determinants: the ability of a given strain of C diphtheria to colonize in the nasopharyngeal cavity and/or on the skin, and its ability to produce diphtheria toxin. The organism produces a toxin that inhibits cellular protein synthesis and is responsible for local tissue destruction and formation of the pseudomembrane that is characteristic of this disease.
See lessHow we can prevent diphtheria?
Diphtheria can be prevented through vaccination. There are four vaccines used to prevent diphtheria: DTaP, Tdap, DT, and Td. Each of these vaccines prevents diphtheria and tetanus; DTaP and Tdap also help prevent pertussis (whooping cough). Vaccines are available that help prevent diphtheria, an infRead more
Diphtheria can be prevented through vaccination. There are four vaccines used to prevent diphtheria: DTaP, Tdap, DT, and Td. Each of these vaccines prevents diphtheria and tetanus; DTaP and Tdap also help prevent pertussis (whooping cough). Vaccines are available that help prevent diphtheria, an infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria.
See lessWhat is diphtheria membrane?
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that usually affects the respiratory tract. One of the hallmark features of diphtheria is the formation of a thick, hard, gray-colored coating (pseudomembrane) lining the throat. The pseudomembrane may coat the tonsils, the nose, and other membranes in the respiraRead more
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that usually affects the respiratory tract. One of the hallmark features of diphtheria is the formation of a thick, hard, gray-colored coating (pseudomembrane) lining the throat. The pseudomembrane may coat the tonsils, the nose, and other membranes in the respiratory tract. As the membrane builds up and thickens, it can make it difficult to breathe.
See lessWhat are the pathogenesis of tetanus?
The pathogenesis of tetanus is as follows: Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) spores usually enter the body through a wound or breach in the skin. In the presence of anaerobic conditions, the spores germinate and produce two toxins: oxygen-labile hemolysin also called tetanolysin, and a plasmid-encoded,Read more
The pathogenesis of tetanus is as follows: Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) spores usually enter the body through a wound or breach in the skin. In the presence of anaerobic conditions, the spores germinate and produce two toxins: oxygen-labile hemolysin also called tetanolysin, and a plasmid-encoded, heat-labile neurotoxin called tetanospasmin. The plasmid carrying the gene for tetanospasmin is non-conjugative. The toxin binds to nerve endings at the site of injury and is transported by retrograde axonal flow to the spinal cord. The toxin then blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, leading to unopposed muscle contraction.
See lessWhat are the the pathogenesis of vibrio cholerae?
The pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae is as follows: The infection due to V. cholera is acquired due to the ingestion of contaminated food and drinks. Vibrio are highly susceptible to acids and gastric acidity provides an effective barrier against small doses of cholera vibrios. Once the bacteria reacRead more
The pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae is as follows: The infection due to V. cholera is acquired due to the ingestion of contaminated food and drinks. Vibrio are highly susceptible to acids and gastric acidity provides an effective barrier against small doses of cholera vibrios. Once the bacteria reach the small intestine, they multiply and produce cholera toxin. The toxin causes the cells lining the small intestine to secrete large amounts of water and electrolytes into the lumen of the intestine, leading to profuse watery diarrhea.
See lessWhat are the different cycle of diseases?
There are different cycles of diseases. The stages of the disease cycle are inoculation, penetration, infection, incubation, reproduction, and survival. Knowing and understanding the disease cycle for a particular disease is very helpful in managing the disease. There are two types of disease cyclesRead more
There are different cycles of diseases. The stages of the disease cycle are inoculation, penetration, infection, incubation, reproduction, and survival. Knowing and understanding the disease cycle for a particular disease is very helpful in managing the disease. There are two types of disease cycles: monocyclic and polycyclic.
See lessWhat are the media and methods of health education?
There are several media of health education. Some of the common media are: 1. Television 2. Radio 3. Newspapers 4. Magazines 5. Posters 6. Billboards 7. Brochures 8. Pamphlets 9. Leaflets The common methods of health education are: 1. Lectures 2. Group discussions 3. Demonstrations 4. Role-playing 5Read more
There are several media of health education. Some of the common media are:
1. Television
2. Radio
3. Newspapers
4. Magazines
5. Posters
6. Billboards
7. Brochures
8. Pamphlets
9. Leaflets
The common methods of health education are:
1. Lectures
See less2. Group discussions
3. Demonstrations
4. Role-playing
5. Simulation games
6. Audio-visual aids
7. Printed materials