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1. Gram-negative intra-cellular diplococci.
2. Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) has a prominent polysaccharide capsule that enhances virulence through its complement inhibitory and antiphagocytic action. Nonencapsulated N. meningitidis isolates are generally considered nonpathogenic. The capsule is also the immunogen in the meningococcal vaccine.
3. Serogroups: Based on the antigenic nature of capsular polysaccharides, N. meningitidis can be typed into 13 serogroups (A-D, X-Z, 29E, W135, H-J, and L). Six serogroups (types) of Neisseria meningitidis A, B, C, W, X, and Y cause the majority of cases of IMDs worldwide.
Serotype A was the leading cause of epidemic meningitis worldwide, mainly in the African meningitis belt.