During pregnancy, various investigations are conducted to monitor the health of both the mother and the baby. Here are some common tests and screenings:

First Trimester
1. Blood Tests: These include checking blood type, Rh factor, hemoglobin levels, and screening for infections like HIV, hepatitis B, syphilis, and rubella immunity.
2. Urine Tests: To check for protein, glucose, and signs of infection.
3. Ultrasound: Typically done around 11-14 weeks to confirm the due date, check for multiple pregnancies, and assess the risk of chromosomal abnormalities.
4. Nuchal Translucency Screening: Measures the thickness of the back of the baby’s neck to assess the risk of Down syndrome.

Second Trimester
1. Quad Screen: A blood test that measures four substances to assess the risk of certain birth defects.
2. Glucose Screening: To check for gestational diabetes, usually done between 24-28 weeks.
3. Anatomy Scan: A detailed ultrasound around 18-22 weeks to examine the baby’s organs and structures.

Third Trimester
1. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Test: A swab test to check for GBS bacteria, which can be harmful to the baby during delivery.
2. Non-Stress Test (NST): Monitors the baby’s heart rate and movements, typically done if there are concerns about the baby’s health.
3. Biophysical Profile (BPP): Combines an ultrasound with an NST to assess the baby’s well-being.

Throughout Pregnancy
1. Blood Pressure Checks: Regularly monitored to detect preeclampsia.
2. Weight Monitoring: To ensure healthy weight gain.
3. Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: To check the baby’s heart rate at each visit.

These tests help ensure a healthy pregnancy and timely detection of any potential issues.