diagnosis

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Diagnosis is the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms.

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diagnosispneumothorax
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1. Chest X-ray. 2. Computerized tomography (CT) scans may be needed to provide more-detailed images. 33. Ultrasound imaging also may be used to identify pneumothorax.

    1. Chest X-ray.

    2. Computerized tomography (CT) scans may be needed to provide more-detailed images.

    33. Ultrasound imaging also may be used to identify pneumothorax.

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chronic bronchitisdiagnosis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1. Pulmonary function tests: This is a series of measurements of how much air your lungs can hold while breathing in and out. 2. Chest X-ray: Uses radiation to make a picture of your lungs to rule out heart failure or other illnesses that make it hard to breathe. 3. Computed tomography: This CT scanRead more

    1. Pulmonary function tests: This is a series of measurements of how much air your lungs can hold while breathing in and out.

    2. Chest X-ray: Uses radiation to make a picture of your lungs to rule out heart failure or other illnesses that make it hard to breathe.

    3. Computed tomography: This CT scan give a much more detailed look at your airways than a chest X-ray.

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diagnosispneumonia
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    You may do one or more of the following tests: 1. A chest X-ray looks for inflammation in your lungs. A chest X-ray is often used to diagnose pneumonia. 2. Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) see whether your immune system is fighting an infection. 3. Pulse oximetry measures how much oRead more

    You may do one or more of the following tests:

    1. A chest X-ray looks for inflammation in your lungs. A chest X-ray is often used to diagnose pneumonia.

    2. Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) see whether your immune system is fighting an infection.

    3. Pulse oximetry measures how much oxygen is in your blood. Pneumonia can keep your lungs from getting enough oxygen into your blood. To measure the levels, a small sensor called a pulse oximeter is attached to your finger or ear.

    4. A blood gas test may be done if you are very sick. For this test, your provider measures your blood oxygen levels using a blood sample from an artery, usually in your wrist. This is called an arterial blood gas test.

    5. A sputum test, using a sample of sputum (spit) or mucus from your cough, may be used to find out what germ is causing your pneumonia.

    6. A blood culture test can identify the germ causing your pneumonia and also show whether a bacterial infection has spread to your blood.

    7. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test quickly checks your blood or sputum sample to find the DNA of germs that cause pneumonia.

    8. A bronchoscopy looks inside your airways. If your treatment is not working well, this procedure may be needed. At the same time, your doctor may also collect samples of your lung tissue and fluid from your lungs to help find the cause of your pneumonia.

    9. A chest computed tomography (CT) scan can show how much of your lungs are affected by pneumonia. It can also show whether you have complications such as lung abscesses or pleural disorders. A CT scan shows more detail than a chest X-ray.

    10. A pleural fluid culture can be taken using a procedure called thoracentesis, which is when a doctor uses a needle to take a sample of fluid from the pleural space between your lungs and chest wall. The fluid is then tested for bacteria.

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abscessdiagnosisliver abscess
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The following tests may be used: 1. An abdominal ultrasound to locate an abscess. 2. A CT scan with intravenous contrast, or injected dye, to find and measure the abscess. 3. Blood tests to look for signs of infectious inflammation, such as an increased serum white blood count and neutrophil level.Read more

    The following tests may be used:

    1. An abdominal ultrasound to locate an abscess.

    2. A CT scan with intravenous contrast, or injected dye, to find and measure the abscess.

    3. Blood tests to look for signs of infectious inflammation, such as an increased serum white blood count and neutrophil level.

    4. Blood cultures for bacterial growth to determine which antibiotic(s) you need.

    5. An MRI of the abdomen.

    ***A pyogenic liver abscess may appear as a mass containing gas and fluid in the liver when viewed with CT scans.

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bepdiagnosis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    BEP can be diagnosed by a qualified physician by rectal examination, which suggests an enlarged middle lobe of the prostate most of the time. However, to confirm the diagnosis and to rule out malignancy of the prostate, certain tests are required: 1. Blood test to detect the level of PSA (Prostate SRead more

    BEP can be diagnosed by a qualified physician by rectal examination, which suggests an enlarged middle lobe of the prostate most of the time. However, to confirm the diagnosis and to rule out malignancy of the prostate, certain tests are required:

    1. Blood test to detect the level of PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) which is raised above normal in cases of malignancy of the prostate gland.

    2. Transrectal Ultrasonography gives an idea about the size and contours of the prostatic overgrowth. In BEP, the contours are smooth while in malignancy, they are irregular.

    3. Microscopic and routine examination of the urine may suggest infection of the urinary tract in long-standing cases of BEP.

    4. Urodynamic studies to analyze the flow of urine from the bladder.

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cholecystitisdiagnosis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1. Blood tests. to look for signs of an infection or signs of gallbladder problems. 2. Imaging tests that show your gallbladder. Abdominal ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) can be used to create pictures of yourRead more

    1. Blood tests. to look for signs of an infection or signs of gallbladder problems.

    2. Imaging tests that show your gallbladder. Abdominal ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) can be used to create pictures of your gallbladder and bile ducts. These pictures may show signs of cholecystitis or stones in the bile ducts and gallbladder.

    3. A scan that shows the movement of bile through your body. A hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan tracks the production and flow of bile from your liver to your small intestine. A HIDA scan involves injecting a radioactive dye into your body, which attaches to bile-producing cells. During the scan, the dye can be seen as it travels with the bile through the bile ducts. This can show any blockages.

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cholelithiasisdiagnosis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1. Ultrasound scan- Gallstones can usually be confirmed using an ultrasound scan, which uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the inside of the body. 2. MRI scan- An MRI scan may be carried out to look for gallstones in the bile ducts. This type of scan uses strong magnetic fields anRead more

    1. Ultrasound scan- Gallstones can usually be confirmed using an ultrasound scan, which uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the inside of the body.

    2. MRI scan- An MRI scan may be carried out to look for gallstones in the bile ducts. This type of scan uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body.

    3. Cholangiography- A cholangiography uses a dye that shows up on X-rays. The dye may be injected into your bloodstream or directly into your bile ducts during surgery, or by using an endoscope passed through your mouth. After the dye has been introduced, X-ray images are taken. They’ll reveal any abnormality in your bile or pancreatic systems.

    4. CT scan- A CT scan may be carried out to look for any complications of gallstones, such as acute pancreatitis. In this type of scan, a series of X-rays are taken from many different angles. CT scans are often carried out in an emergency to diagnose severe abdominal pain.

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diagnosisnephrolithiasisrenal stone
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Diagnosis for kidney stones such as: 1. Blood testing. Blood tests may reveal too much calcium or uric acid in your blood. 2. Urine testing. The 24-hour urine collection test may show that you're excreting too many stone-forming minerals or too few stone-preventing substances. 3. Imaging. Imaging teRead more

    Diagnosis for kidney stones such as:

    1. Blood testing. Blood tests may reveal too much calcium or uric acid in your blood.

    2. Urine testing. The 24-hour urine collection test may show that you’re excreting too many stone-forming minerals or too few stone-preventing substances.

    3. Imaging. Imaging tests may show kidney stones in your urinary tract. High-speed or dual-energy computerized tomography (CT) may reveal even tiny stones. Simple abdominal X-rays are used less frequently because this kind of imaging test can miss small kidney stones.

    4. Ultrasound, a noninvasive test that is quick and easy to perform, is another imaging option to diagnose kidney stones.

    5. Analysis of passed stones. You may be asked to urinate through a strainer to catch stones that you pass. Lab analysis will reveal the makeup of your kidney stones. Your doctor uses this information to determine what’s causing your kidney stones and to form a plan to prevent more kidney stones.

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diagnosisliver cirrhosis
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Cirrhosis can be diagnosed by: 1. Radiology testing such as computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) . A new imaging technique called elastography can be performed with ultrasound or MRI. 2. Via a needle biopsy of the liver.

    Cirrhosis can be diagnosed by:
    1. Radiology testing such as computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) . A new imaging technique called elastography can be performed with ultrasound or MRI.
    2. Via a needle biopsy of the liver.

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bacteriadiagnosisdiseasesmicrobiologytetanus
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The diagnosis of tetanus is clinical and does not require a demonstration of C. tetani. Treatment should be started immediately based on clinical diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis provides supportive evidence for confirmation. Specimen Excised tissue bits from the necrotic depths of wounds are more reRead more

    The diagnosis of tetanus is clinical and does not require a demonstration of C. tetani. Treatment should be started immediately based on clinical diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis provides supportive evidence for confirmation.

    Specimen

    Excised tissue bits from the necrotic depths of wounds are more reliable than wound swabs.

    Gram staining

    Gram staining reveals gram-positive bacilli with terminal and round spores (drum stick appearance or tennis racket appearance). However, microscopy alone is unreliable as it cannot distinguish C. tetani from morphologically similar non-pathogenic clostridia like C. tetanomorphum and C. sphenoides.
    Culture

    Culture is more reliable than microscopy.

    • Robertson cooked meat(RCM) broth – C. tetani being proteolytic turns the meat particles black and produces a foul odor.

    • Blood agar with polymyxin B: C. tetani produce characteristic swarming growth when incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours under anaerobic conditions.

    Toxigenicity Test

    As pathogenesis of tetanus is toxin mediated, the association of the isolated organism can only be established when its toxin production is demonstrated. Toxigenicity can be detected by both in vitro and in vivo methods.

    • In vitro hemolysis inhibition test: C. tetani produces hemolysis on blood agar which is inhibited by adding antitoxin. This test indicates the production of tetanolysin only but not tetanospasmin.

    • In vivo mouse inoculation test: RCM broth with black turbid growth is injected into the root of the tail of a test mouse. The test animal develops stiffness which begins with the tail and progresses to involve the hind limbs on the inoculated side- the other limb-trunk-forelimbs. Death occurs within two days. This test indicates the production of tetanospasmin.

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