Physiology

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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
ashfaq ahmed

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psychoanalysispsychology
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    The fascinating realms of psychology and psychoanalysis: A) Psychology: Psychology is a vast field that explores the intricate workings of the human mind, behavior, and emotions. It encompasses various areas of study, each with its unique focus. Here are some major branches of psychology: 1. AbnormaRead more

    The fascinating realms of psychology and psychoanalysis:

    A) Psychology:
    Psychology is a vast field that explores the intricate workings of the human mind, behavior, and emotions. It encompasses various areas of study, each with its unique focus. Here are some major branches of psychology:

    1. Abnormal Psychology: This area examines psychopathology and abnormal behavior. Mental health professionals in this field assess, diagnose, and treat psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression.
    2. Behavioral Psychology (Behaviorism): Based on the idea that behaviors are acquired through conditioning, behavioral psychology investigates learning processes. It emphasizes observable actions and their environmental influences.
    3. Biopsychology (Behavioral Neuroscience): Biopsychologists explore the biological basis of behavior, including brain function, genetics, and neural processes.
    4. Clinical Psychology: Clinical psychologists work directly with individuals to assess, diagnose, and treat mental health issues. They address a wide range of psychological disorders.
    5. Cognitive Psychology: Focused on mental processes like memory, perception, and problem-solving, cognitive psychology aims to understand how we think and process information.
    6. Comparative Psychology: This branch studies animal behavior to gain insights into human behavior and cognition.
    7. Counseling Psychology: Counselors assist individuals in coping with life challenges, personal growth, and emotional well-being.
    8. Cross-cultural Psychology: Examines cultural influences on behavior and cognition across different societies and ethnic groups.
    9. Developmental Psychology: Investigates human development across the lifespan, from infancy to old age.
    10. Educational Psychology: Focuses on learning processes, educational interventions, and student development.
    11. Experimental Psychology: Researchers in this field conduct controlled experiments to study various psychological phenomena.
    12. Forensic Psychology: Combines psychology and law, addressing legal issues, criminal behavior, and the justice system.
    13. Health Psychology: Explores the psychological factors influencing physical health and well-being.
    14. Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Applies psychological principles to workplace settings, including employee motivation, leadership, and organizational behavior.
    15. Personality Psychology: Investigates individual differences in personality traits and characteristics.
    16. School Psychology: School psychologists work within educational institutions to support students’ academic and emotional needs.
    17. Social Psychology: Studies how social interactions, group dynamics, and societal influences shape behavior and attitudes.
    18. Sports Psychology: Focuses on enhancing athletic performance, motivation, and mental resilience among athletes.

    B) Psychoanalysis:
    Psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, is both a theory and a therapeutic approach. Its primary goal is to explore the unconscious mind and uncover repressed feelings and emotional patterns. Key aspects of psychoanalysis include:

    – Dream Analysis: Patients discuss their dreams, allowing the therapist to interpret hidden meanings and unresolved conflicts.
    – Free Association: Patients freely express thoughts and feelings without immediate judgment, facilitating insight into unconscious processes.
    – Transference: Patients project feelings onto the therapist, revealing deeper emotions and past experiences.
    – Catharsis: Healing occurs when patients gain conscious awareness of their unconscious conflicts.

    Psychoanalysis has applications beyond therapy, influencing fields like anthropology, sociology, literature, and the arts. It remains a powerful tool for understanding the complexities of the human psyche.

    Remember, psychology and psychoanalysis together illuminate the rich tapestry of human experience and behavior, offering insights into our minds and hearts.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , , ,
AKM IMDADUL KABIR

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granulopoiesiswbc
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Granulopoiesis is the process of production of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell (WBC) that has multi-lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules. Granulocytes are essential for fighting infection, as they can engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles. Granulopoiesis takes place in thRead more

    Granulopoiesis is the process of production of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell (WBC) that has multi-lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules. Granulocytes are essential for fighting infection, as they can engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles.

    Granulopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow and involves a series of steps, beginning with a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). The HSC differentiates into a colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), which then gives rise to a myeloblast. The myeloblast matures into a promyelocyte, then a metamyelocyte, and finally a band cell. The band cell then matures into a mature granulocyte, which can either be a neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil.

    The entire process of granulopoiesis takes about 10 days. The rate of granulopoiesis is regulated by a number of factors, including the levels of hormones, cytokines, and growth factors.

    Here are the different stages of granulopoiesis:

    1. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC): This is the most primitive cell in the bone marrow. It has the ability to differentiate into all types of blood cells, including granulocytes.
    2. Colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM): This cell is derived from the HSC and is committed to the production of granulocytes and macrophages.
    3. Myeloblast: This is the first recognizable granulocyte precursor cell. It has a large nucleus and scant cytoplasm.
    4. Promyelocyte: This cell is larger than the myeloblast and has more cytoplasm. It also begins to develop granules.
    5. Metamyelocyte: This cell is smaller than the promyelocyte and has more mature granules.
    6. Band cell: This cell is also smaller than the metamyelocyte and has segmented nuclei.
    7. Mature granulocyte: This is the final stage of granulopoiesis. There are three types of mature granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

    Granulopoiesis is a complex process that is essential for the body’s ability to fight infection. Any disruption in granulopoiesis can lead to a decreased number of granulocytes, which can increase the risk of infection.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , , ,
AKM IMDADUL KABIR

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causeselevatedesr
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala
    This answer was edited.

    A high ESR can be a sign of inflammation or infection. The following are some of the causes of an elevated ESR: 1. Inflammatory diseases: These include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and polymyalgia rheumatica. 2. Infectious diseases: These include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and endocarditis. 3. Cancer:Read more

    A high ESR can be a sign of inflammation or infection.

    The following are some of the causes of an elevated ESR:

    1. Inflammatory diseases: These include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and polymyalgia rheumatica.
    2. Infectious diseases: These include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and endocarditis.
    3. Cancer: Some types of cancer, such as lymphoma and multiple myeloma, can also cause an elevated ESR.
    4. Kidney disease: Kidney disease can also cause an elevated ESR.
    5. Heart disease: Heart failure can cause an elevated ESR.
    6. Thyroid disease: Thyroid disease can also cause an elevated ESR.
    7. Pregnancy: ESR levels are typically higher during pregnancy.
    8. Old age: ESR levels tend to increase with age.
    9. Tissue Damage: Conditions causing tissue injury, such as burns or heart attacks, can result in elevated ESR.
    10. Medications: Some medications, like corticosteroids, can influence ESR readings.
    11. Anemia.
    12. Blood clotting disorders.

    If you have any concerns about your ESR, talk to your doctor.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn: , , ,
AKM IMDADUL KABIR

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causesesrreduced
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    A low ESR can be caused by a variety of factors, including: 1. Congestive heart failure (CHF). This is a condition in which the heart cannot pump blood effectively, causing fluid to build up in the lungs and other tissues. The increased fluid in the blood makes it more difficult for RBCs to settle,Read more

    A low ESR can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

    1. Congestive heart failure (CHF). This is a condition in which the heart cannot pump blood effectively, causing fluid to build up in the lungs and other tissues. The increased fluid in the blood makes it more difficult for RBCs to settle, resulting in a lower ESR.
    2. Hyperviscosity. This is a condition in which the blood is thicker than normal, due to an increase in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, or proteins. The thicker blood makes it more difficult for RBCs to settle, resulting in a lower ESR.
    3. Hypofibrinogenemia. This is a condition in which there is too little fibrinogen in the blood. Fibrinogen is a protein that helps to clump together RBCs, making them more likely to settle. A low level of fibrinogen can lead to a lower ESR.
    4. Leukemia. This is a cancer of the blood cells. Leukemia can cause a low ESR because the cancer cells can interfere with the clumping of RBCs.
    5. Low plasma protein. This can occur due to liver or kidney disease. Plasma proteins help to keep the blood fluid, and a low level of plasma proteins can lead to a lower ESR.
    6. Polycythemia. This is a condition in which there are too many red blood cells in the blood. The increased number of RBCs makes it more difficult for them to settle, resulting in a lower ESR.
    7. Sickle cell anemia. This is a genetic disorder that affects the shape of RBCs. The abnormal shape of RBCs can make it more difficult for them to settle, resulting in a lower ESR.

    It is important to note that a low ESR does not always mean that there is nothing wrong. There are many other factors that can affect the ESR, such as age, gender, and medications. If you have a low ESR, your doctor will likely do further tests to determine the cause.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bloodcoagulationmechanism
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    The mechanism of blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The mechanism of coagulation involves activatioRead more

    The mechanism of blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The mechanism of coagulation involves activation, adhesion, and aggregation of platelets, as well as deposition and maturation of fibrin¹. Coagulation begins almost instantly after an injury to the endothelium lining a blood vessel.

    Exposure of blood to the subendothelial space initiates two processes: changes in platelets, and the exposure of subendothelial tissue factor to plasma factor VII, which ultimately leads to cross-linked fibrin formation. Platelets immediately form a plug at the site of injury; this is called primary hemostasis. Secondary hemostasis occurs simultaneously: additional coagulation (clotting) factors beyond factor VII (listed below) respond in a cascade to form fibrin strands, which strengthen the platelet plug.

    Disorders of coagulation are disease states which can result in problems with hemorrhage, bruising, or thrombosis. Coagulation is highly conserved throughout biology. In all mammals, coagulation involves both cellular components (platelets) and proteinaceous components (here, coagulation factors). The pathway in humans has been the most extensively researched and is the best understood.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bloodcoagulationfactors
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood coagulation is a sequential process that involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors. There are 13 principal coagulation factors in all, and each of these has been assigned a Roman numeral, I to XIII. Coagulation can be initiated through the activation of tRead more

    Blood coagulation is a sequential process that involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors. There are 13 principal coagulation factors in all, and each of these has been assigned a Roman numeral, I to XIII. Coagulation can be initiated through the activation of two separate pathways, designated extrinsic and intrinsic. Both pathways result in the production of factor X. The activation of this factor marks the beginning of the so-called common pathway of coagulation, which results in the formation of a clot.

    The extrinsic pathway is generally the first pathway activated in the coagulation process and is stimulated in response to a protein called tissue factor, which is expressed by cells that are normally found external to blood vessels. However, when a blood vessel breaks and these cells come into contact with blood, tissue factor activates factor VII, forming factor VIIa, which triggers a cascade of reactions that result in the rapid production of factor X.

    In contrast, the intrinsic pathway is activated by an injury that occurs within a blood vessel. This pathway begins with the activation of factor XII (Hageman factor), which occurs when blood circulates over injured internal surfaces of vessels. Components of the intrinsic pathway also may be activated by the extrinsic pathway; for example, in addition to activating factor X, factor VIIa activates factor IX, a necessary component of the intrinsic pathway. Such cross-activation serves to amplify the coagulation process.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bloodcoagulation
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The formation of a clot is often referred to as secondary hemostRead more

    Blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The formation of a clot is often referred to as secondary hemostasis because it forms the second stage in the process of arresting the loss of blood from a ruptured vessel. The first stage, primary hemostasis, is characterized by blood vessel constriction (vasoconstriction) and platelet aggregation at the site of vessel injury. Blood clotting is an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins in your plasma (the liquid part of the blood) work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the injury.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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bloodfunctions
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood is a vital fluid that performs many important functions in the body. Some of the primary functions of blood include: 1. Transportation: Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and removes wastes from them. Nutrients from the foods you eat are absorbed in the digestive tract and traveRead more

    Blood is a vital fluid that performs many important functions in the body. Some of the primary functions of blood include:

    1. Transportation: Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and removes wastes from them. Nutrients from the foods you eat are absorbed in the digestive tract and travel in the bloodstream directly to the liver, where they are processed and released back into the bloodstream for delivery to body cells. Oxygen from the air you breathe diffuses into the blood, which moves from the lungs to the heart, which then pumps it to the rest of the body. Blood also picks up cellular wastes and byproducts, and transports them to various organs for removal.

    2. Defense: Many types of white blood cells (WBCs) protect the body from external threats, such as disease-causing bacteria that have entered the bloodstream in a wound. Other WBCs seek out and destroy internal threats, such as cells with mutated DNA that could multiply to become cancerous, or body cells infected with viruses. When damage to the vessels results in bleeding, blood platelets and certain proteins dissolved in the plasma interact to create clots that block the ruptured areas of the blood vessels involved. This protects the body from further blood loss.

    3. Maintenance of Homeostasis: Blood helps regulate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body. It helps maintain homeostasis through the release or conservation of warmth. Blood vessels expand and contract when they react to outside organisms, such as bacteria, and to internal hormone and chemical changes. These actions move blood and heat closer to or farther from the skin surface, where heat is lost.

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Asked: 3 years agoIn:
Dr Beauty Akther
Begginer

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blood
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the circulatory system is also known as peripheral blood, and theRead more

    Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the circulatory system is also known as peripheral blood, and the blood cells it carries, peripheral blood cells. Blood contains specialized cells that serve particular functions. These cells are suspended in a liquid matrix known as plasma. Blood is both a tissue and a fluid. It is a tissue because it is a collection of similarly specialized cells that serve particular functions. If blood flow ceases, death will occur within minutes because of the effects of an unfavorable environment on highly susceptible cells.

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