.
When two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm. Each twin has his or her own placenta and amniotic sac. The twins can be two girls, two boys, or a boy and a girl. Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits and develops into two fetuses. Identical twins might share a placRead more
When two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm. Each twin has his or her own placenta and amniotic sac. The twins can be two girls, two boys, or a boy and a girl.
Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits and develops into two fetuses. Identical twins might share a placenta and an amniotic sac or the twins might share a placenta and each have separate amniotic sacs. Genetically, the two babies are identical. They’ll be the same sex and share physical traits and characteristics. Rarely, identical twins fail to completely separate into two individuals. These babies are known as conjoined twins.
See less
1. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) When the third stage of labor is prolonged beyond 20-24 minutes (as opposed to the 30 minutes that was the earlier benchmark), it may be a risk factor for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) which kills more than 1.25 million women a year. Even when it doesn’t take maternal liRead more
1. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)
When the third stage of labor is prolonged beyond 20-24 minutes (as opposed to the 30 minutes that was the earlier benchmark), it may be a risk factor for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) which kills more than 1.25 million women a year.
Even when it doesn’t take maternal life, it causes excessive blood loss (over half a liter of blood) following childbirth in a staggering 14 million cases. Most of this bleeding comes from the placental site, which fails to contract properly.
Typically, natural figure-of-8 muscular fiber loops are present around the blood vessels, so that the torn vessels are quickly closed off after the placenta separates and the uterus contracts. PPH is particularly deadly because two out of every three women who develop PPH had no preceding risk factors before delivery.
PPH may also be associated with the following conditions which are also associated with an abnormal third stage. An anemic mother is at higher risk of PPH because clotting is more difficult and because even a relatively small blood loss may precipitate signs and symptoms of hypovolemia due to the initial lack of blood.
2. Retained placenta
Women need to be educated about the warning signs and symptoms of preeclampsia
New clinical practice guidelines on diagnosis, management of von Willebrand Disease
Women with COVID-19 more likely to suffer acute stress during childbirth
The retention of part or the whole of the placenta, including the membranes, for over 30 minutes after the delivery of the baby, is called the retained placenta. It has several causes:
Premature closure of the cervix so that the separated placenta is trapped inside the uterine cavity
A full urinary bladder prevents the placenta from passing through the birth canal by its pressure
Retention of a part of the membranes or placenta after placental expulsion
The last three conditions may also lead to uterine atony resulting in PPH because the uterus cannot contract well with the placenta inside it.
3. Atonic or flabby uterus:
In some women, the uterus doesn’t contract strongly enough to separate or expel the placenta completely. As mentioned above, a flabby uterus may be associated with a retained placenta, but also with conditions such as:
Placenta previa or implantation of the placenta in the lower part of the uterus, which means the muscle fibers are weakened by the infiltration of blood vessels and placental tissue between them. This leads to weak contractions after the delivery.
Placental abruption or premature separation of the placenta before the child is born
Multiparity: A woman who has already carried more than five pregnancies can have an atonic uterus and PPH.
Multiple pregnancies: If a woman is carrying twins or higher-order pregnancies, the abdomen and uterus are highly distended. The stretched uterine muscle fibers may be unable to contract properly immediately after delivery and this leads to atony.
Polyhydramnios: This refers to the presence of excessive (over 3L) amniotic fluid inside the uterus, which causes overstretching and subsequent atony of the uterine muscle in many cases
Large fetus: A woman carrying a large baby (weighing 4 kg or more) also has the potential for uterine atony because the muscles are weakened by the overstretching.
Prolonged labor and dehydration: If a woman is in labor for over 12 hours, it is more common to have uterine atony, perhaps because of muscular fatigue, dehydration, and acidosis.
4. Uterine inversion
This is a rare but very serious complication of the third stage, slightly more common with controlled cord traction, in which the uterus is turned inside out and comes out through the vulval orifice wholly or partly.
To avoid this, a non-separated placenta should never be pulled out using this technique. Fundal support is also taught as a method of preventing uterine inversion, but not enough evidence exists as to its usefulness. Risk factors for uterine inversion include:
Multiparity
See lessProlonged labor over 24 hours in duration
Short umbilical cord
Over-zealous cord traction
Use of magnesium sulfate which relaxes muscles, during labor
The placenta accrete when the placenta is firmly attached to the uterine muscle and cannot separate
Congenital uterine anomalies