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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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bacteria
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Acid-fastness is a physical property of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells, as well as some sub-cellular structures, specifically their resistance to decolorization by acids during laboratory staining procedures. Mycobacteria are called acid-fast bacilli because they are a group of rod-shaped baRead more

    Acid-fastness is a physical property of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells, as well as some sub-cellular structures, specifically their resistance to decolorization by acids during laboratory staining procedures. Mycobacteria are called acid-fast bacilli because they are a group of rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli) that can be seen under the microscope following a staining procedure where the bacteria retain the color of the stain after an acid wash (acid-fast).

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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difference
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are two types of bacteria that differ in their cell wall composition and staining. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan with teichoic acid that retains the purple color of crystal violet during the Gram staining process. Gram-negative baRead more

    Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are two types of bacteria that differ in their cell wall composition and staining. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan with teichoic acid that retains the purple color of crystal violet during the Gram staining process. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide that loses the purple color and stains red or pink during the Gram-staining process.

    Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibodies and antibiotics than gram-positive bacteria because their outer membrane is impenetrable.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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difference
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus. Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have various organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplRead more

    The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus. Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have various organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. Prokaryotic cells are smaller (0.1-5 μm) and unicellular, while eukaryotic cells are larger (10-100 μm) and mostly multicellular.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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bacteria
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Bacterial spores are highly resistant, dormant structures (i.e. no metabolic activity) formed in response to adverse environmental conditions. They help in the survival of the organisms during adverse environmental conditions; they do not have a role in reproduction. Spore formation (sporulation) ocRead more

    Bacterial spores are highly resistant, dormant structures (i.e. no metabolic activity) formed in response to adverse environmental conditions. They help in the survival of the organisms during adverse environmental conditions; they do not have a role in reproduction.

    Spore formation (sporulation) occurs when nutrients, such as sources of carbon and nitrogen are depleted. Bacterial spores are highly resistant to

    Heat
    Dehydration
    Radiation and
    Chemicals.

    Structure of Bacterial Spore:
    An endospore is structurally and chemically more complex than the vegetative cell. It contains more layers than vegetative cells. The resistance of Bacterial spore may be mediated by dipicolinic acid, a calcium ion chelator found only in spores. When the favorable condition prevail, (i.e. availability of water, appropriate nutrients) spores germination occurs which forms vegetative cells of pathogenic bacteria.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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bacteria
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    There are many different types of bacteria. One way of classifying them is by shape. There are three basic shapes: 1. Spherical (cocci), 2. Rod-shaped (bacilli), and 3. spiral (spirilla). If their coil is very tight they are known as spirochetes.

    There are many different types of bacteria. One way of classifying them is by shape. There are three basic shapes:
    1. Spherical (cocci),
    2. Rod-shaped (bacilli), and
    3. spiral (spirilla). If their coil is very tight they are known as spirochetes.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , ,
Nasim
Begginer

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bacteria
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. Bacteria are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spiraRead more

    Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. Bacteria are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean, and inside the human gut.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Nasim

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antigen
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    In general, two main divisions of antigens are recognized: foreign antigens (or heteroantigens) and autoantigens (or self-antigens). Foreign antigens originate from outside the body. Examples include parts of or substances produced by viruses or microorganisms (such as bacteria and protozoa), as welRead more

    In general, two main divisions of antigens are recognized: foreign antigens (or heteroantigens) and autoantigens (or self-antigens). Foreign antigens originate from outside the body. Examples include parts of or substances produced by viruses or microorganisms (such as bacteria and protozoa), as well as substances in snake venom, certain proteins in foods, and components of serum and red blood cells from other individuals. Autoantigens, on the other hand, originate within the body. Normally, the body is able to distinguish self from nonself, but in persons with autoimmune disorders, normal bodily substances provoke an immune response, leading to the generation of autoantibodies. An antigen that induces an immune response.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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hypersensitivity
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala
    This answer was edited.

    Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an overreaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging and uncomfortable. Hypersensitivity reactions can be classified into fRead more

    Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an overreaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging and uncomfortable.

    Hypersensitivity reactions can be classified into four types:
    – **Type I:** IgE mediated immediate reaction
    – **Type II:** Antibody-mediated reaction (IgG or IgM antibodies)
    – **Type III:** Immune complex-mediated reaction
    – **Type IV:** Cytotoxic, cell-mediated, delayed hypersensitivity reaction

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , , , , , , , , , ,
Nasim
Begginer

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hypersensitivity
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state ofRead more

    Reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state of the host. The Gell and Coombs classification of hypersensitivity is the most widely used and distinguishes four types of immune response that result in bystander tissue damage.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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difference
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    T cells vs B Cells T cells and B cells are the two types of lymphocytes that are involved in triggering the immune response in the body. Both T cells and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. The T cells migrate to the thymus for maturation. Both T cells and B cells are involved in recognizing paRead more

    T cells vs B Cells T cells and B cells are the two types of lymphocytes that are involved in triggering the immune response in the body. Both T cells and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. The T cells migrate to the thymus for maturation. Both T cells and B cells are involved in recognizing pathogens and other harmful, foreign materials inside the body such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and dead cells. The two types of T cells are helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. The major function of the helper T cells is to activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells. The cytotoxic T cells destroy pathogens by phagocytosis. B cells produce and secrete antibodies, activating the immune system to destroy the pathogens. The main difference between T cells and B cells is that T cells can only recognize viral antigens outside the infected cells whereas B cells can recognize the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses.

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