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What are the classification of inflammation?
There are two types of inflammation: 1. Acute inflammation: The response to sudden body damage, such as cutting your finger. To heal the cut, your body sends inflammatory cells to the injury. 2. Chronic inflammation: Your body continues sending inflammatory cells even when there is no outside dangerRead more
There are two types of inflammation:
1. Acute inflammation: The response to sudden body damage, such as cutting your finger. To heal the cut, your body sends inflammatory cells to the injury.
2. Chronic inflammation: Your body continues sending inflammatory cells even when there is no outside danger.
See lessWhat is acute inflammation?
The immediate response, characterized by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (such as neutrophils and macrophages) from the blood into the injured site/tissues.
The immediate response, characterized by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (such as neutrophils and macrophages) from the blood into the injured site/tissues.
See lessWhat is chronic inflammation?
Slow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years.
Slow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years.
See lessWhat are the causes of chronic inflammation?
Several things can cause chronic inflammation, including: 1. Untreated causes of acute inflammation, like an infection or injury. 2. An autoimmune disorder, which involves your immune system mistakenly attacking healthy tissue. 3. Long-term exposure to irritants, like industrial chemicals or polluteRead more
Several things can cause chronic inflammation, including:
1. Untreated causes of acute inflammation, like an infection or injury.
See less2. An autoimmune disorder, which involves your immune system mistakenly attacking healthy tissue.
3. Long-term exposure to irritants, like industrial chemicals or polluted air.
4. Smoking.
5. Obesity.
6. Alcohol.
7. Chronic stress.
What are the types of atrophy?
Types of atrophy: 1. Glandular Atrophy. 2. Vaginal Atrophy. 3. Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. 4. Spinal Muscular Atrophy. 5. Multiple System Atrophy.
Types of atrophy:
1. Glandular Atrophy.
See less2. Vaginal Atrophy.
3. Skeletal Muscle Atrophy.
4. Spinal Muscular Atrophy.
5. Multiple System Atrophy.
How we can classify hyperplasia?
Types of hyperplasia: 1. Physiologic hyperplasia – Hormonal hyperplasia – eg. Proliferation of glandular epithelial cells of female breast tissue at puberty and lactation Compensatory hyperplasia – eg. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy 2. Pathologic hyperplasia – Endometrial hyperplasia dRead more
Types of hyperplasia:
1. Physiologic hyperplasia –
Hormonal hyperplasia – eg. Proliferation of glandular epithelial cells of female breast tissue at puberty and lactation
Compensatory hyperplasia – eg. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy
2. Pathologic hyperplasia –
See lessEndometrial hyperplasia due to excess of estrogen hormones
Benign prostatic hyperplasia due to excess of androgens
Skin warts due to viral infection
What are the principles of AFB staining?
It is the differential staining techniques which was first developed by Ziehl and later on modified by Neelsen. So this method is also called Ziehl-Neelsen staining techniques. Neelsen in 1883 used Ziehl’s carbol-fuchsin and heat then decolorized with an acid alcohol, and counter stained with methylRead more
It is the differential staining techniques which was first developed by Ziehl and later on modified by Neelsen. So this method is also called Ziehl-Neelsen staining techniques. Neelsen in 1883 used Ziehl’s carbol-fuchsin and heat then decolorized with an acid alcohol, and counter stained with methylene blue. Thus Ziehl-Neelsen staining techniques was developed.
The main aim of this staining is to differentiate bacteria into acid fast group and non-acid fast groups.
This method is used for those microorganisms which are not staining by simple or Gram staining method, particularly the member of genus Mycobacterium, are resistant and can only be visualized by acid-fast staining.
Principle of Acid-Fast Stain
See lessWhen the smear is stained with carbol fuchsin, it solubilizes the lipoidal material present in the Mycobacterial cell wall but by the application of heat, carbol fuchsin further penetrates through lipoidal wall and enters into cytoplasm. Then after all cell appears red. Then the smear is decolorized with decolorizing agent (3% HCL in 95% alcohol) but the acid fast cells are resistant due to the presence of large amount of lipoidal material in their cell wall which prevents the penetration of decolorizing solution. The non-acid fast organism lack the lipoidal material in their cell wall due to which they are easily decolorized, leaving the cells colorless. Then the smear is stained with counterstain, methylene blue. Only decolorized cells absorb the counter stain and take its color and appears blue while acid-fast cells retain the red color.
What is AFB staining?
Acid-fast stain The acid-fast stain is a laboratory test that determines if a sample of tissue, blood, or other body substance is infected with the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB) and other illnesses. How the Test is Performed Depending on where the infection may be in your body, your healthRead more
Acid-fast stain
The acid-fast stain is a laboratory test that determines if a sample of tissue, blood, or other body substance is infected with the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB) and other illnesses.
How the Test is Performed
Depending on where the infection may be in your body, your health care provider will collect one of these samples:
Urine
Stool
Sputum
Bone marrow
Tissue
The sample is then sent to a laboratory. Some of the sample is placed on a glass slide, stained, and heated. The cells in the sample hold onto the dye. The slide is then washed with an acid solution and a different stain is applied.
Bacteria that hold onto the first dye are considered “acid-fast” because they resist the acid wash. These types of bacteria are associated with TB and other infections.
See lessWhat is symbiosis?
symbiosis, any of several living arrangements between members of two different species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Both positive (beneficial) and negative (unfavourable to harmful) associations are therefore included, and the members are called symbionts.
symbiosis, any of several living arrangements between members of two different species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Both positive (beneficial) and negative (unfavourable to harmful) associations are therefore included, and the members are called symbionts.
See lessWhat is sterilization?
Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life and other biological agents such as prions present in or on a specific surface, object, or fluid. Sterilization can be achieved through various means, including heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, andRead more
Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life and other biological agents such as prions present in or on a specific surface, object, or fluid. Sterilization can be achieved through various means, including heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration.
See less