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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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spirochaetes
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota, (synonym Spirochaetes) which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophicRead more

    A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota, (synonym Spirochaetes) which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 μm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 μm.
    Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, called endoflagella which are sometimes called axial filaments. Endoflagella is anchored at each end (pole) of the bacterium within the periplasmic space (between the inner and outer membranes) where they project backward to extend the length of the cell. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions. Spirochaete bacteria are diverse in their pathogenic capacity and the ecological niches that they inhabit, as well as molecular characteristics including guanine-cytosine content and genome size.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Nasim
Begginer

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gas gangrene
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1.Fever 2.Air under the skin 3.Pain in the area around a wound 4.Swelling in the area around a wound 5.Pale skin that quickly turns gray, dark red, purple, or Black 6.Blisters with foul-smelling discharge 7.Excessive sweating 8.Increased heart rate 9.Vomiting 10.Yellow skin and eyes (jaundice) is aRead more

    1.Fever
    2.Air under the skin
    3.Pain in the area around a wound
    4.Swelling in the area around a wound
    5.Pale skin that quickly turns gray, dark red, purple, or Black
    6.Blisters with foul-smelling discharge
    7.Excessive sweating
    8.Increased heart rate
    9.Vomiting
    10.Yellow skin and eyes (jaundice) is a late sign

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , , ,
Nasim
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diagnosisgas gangrene
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1.Skin culture to test for the presence of Clostridium perfringens and other bacteria. 2.Blood tests to check for an abnormally high white blood cell count, which can indicate an infection. 3.Imaging tests, such as an routine X-ray, to visualize tissues and check for the presence of gas or special sRead more

    1.Skin culture to test for the presence of Clostridium perfringens and other bacteria.
    2.Blood tests to check for an abnormally high white blood cell count, which can indicate an infection.
    3.Imaging tests, such as an routine X-ray, to visualize tissues and check for the presence of gas or special studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or arteriogram.
    4.Surgery to evaluate the spread of gas gangrene within the body

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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clostridium perfringens
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Clostridium welchii, also known as Clostridium perfringens, is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. It is responsible for a variety of infections, including gas gangrene, food poisoning, and necrotizingRead more

    Clostridium welchii, also known as Clostridium perfringens, is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. It is responsible for a variety of infections, including gas gangrene, food poisoning, and necrotizing enteritis.

    The pathogenesis of C. welchii involves several virulence factors that allow the bacteria to cause disease. These virulence factors include:

    Alpha toxin: This is a phospholipase C enzyme that lyses red blood cells and damages tissue. It also disrupts cell membranes and causes edema, leading to tissue necrosis.

    Beta toxin: This toxin damages cell membranes and causes hemolysis. It is involved in the formation of gas gangrene.

    Theta toxin: This toxin is also known as perfringolysin O, and it forms pores in cell membranes, leading to cell lysis.

    Epsilon toxin: This toxin causes disruption of the blood-brain barrier and is involved in the development of necrotizing enteritis.

    Delta toxin: This toxin is involved in the formation of gas gangrene and hemolysis.

    Kappa toxin: This toxin is a collagenase that degrades collagen in connective tissue, contributing to tissue necrosis.

    C. welchii infections are typically acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food, contact with contaminated soil or water, or through a wound that has been contaminated with the bacteria. Once the bacteria enter the body, they multiply rapidly and produce toxins that damage tissues and lead to the development of disease.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Nasim
Begginer

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gas gangrene
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Gas gangrene is most commonly caused by the Clostridium perfringens bacterium. In some cases, it may be caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria.

    Gas gangrene is most commonly caused by the Clostridium perfringens bacterium. In some cases, it may be caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
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prevention'stetanus
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Vaccination and good wound care are important to help prevent tetanus infection. Doctors can also use medicine to help prevent tetanus when someone is seriously hurt and isn’t up to date with tetanus vaccination.

    Vaccination and good wound care are important to help prevent tetanus infection. Doctors can also use medicine to help prevent tetanus when someone is seriously hurt and isn’t up to date with tetanus vaccination.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
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bacteriadiagnosisdiseasesmicrobiologytetanus
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The diagnosis of tetanus is clinical and does not require a demonstration of C. tetani. Treatment should be started immediately based on clinical diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis provides supportive evidence for confirmation. Specimen Excised tissue bits from the necrotic depths of wounds are more reRead more

    The diagnosis of tetanus is clinical and does not require a demonstration of C. tetani. Treatment should be started immediately based on clinical diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis provides supportive evidence for confirmation.

    Specimen

    Excised tissue bits from the necrotic depths of wounds are more reliable than wound swabs.

    Gram staining

    Gram staining reveals gram-positive bacilli with terminal and round spores (drum stick appearance or tennis racket appearance). However, microscopy alone is unreliable as it cannot distinguish C. tetani from morphologically similar non-pathogenic clostridia like C. tetanomorphum and C. sphenoides.
    Culture

    Culture is more reliable than microscopy.

    • Robertson cooked meat(RCM) broth – C. tetani being proteolytic turns the meat particles black and produces a foul odor.

    • Blood agar with polymyxin B: C. tetani produce characteristic swarming growth when incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours under anaerobic conditions.

    Toxigenicity Test

    As pathogenesis of tetanus is toxin mediated, the association of the isolated organism can only be established when its toxin production is demonstrated. Toxigenicity can be detected by both in vitro and in vivo methods.

    • In vitro hemolysis inhibition test: C. tetani produces hemolysis on blood agar which is inhibited by adding antitoxin. This test indicates the production of tetanolysin only but not tetanospasmin.

    • In vivo mouse inoculation test: RCM broth with black turbid growth is injected into the root of the tail of a test mouse. The test animal develops stiffness which begins with the tail and progresses to involve the hind limbs on the inoculated side- the other limb-trunk-forelimbs. Death occurs within two days. This test indicates the production of tetanospasmin.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Nasim
Begginer

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tetanus
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Tetanus affects the nerves that control your muscles, which can lead to difficulty swallowing. You may also experience spasms and stiffness in various muscles, especially those in your jaw, abdomen, chest, back, and neck. The incubation period — the time between exposure to the bacteria and the onseRead more

    Tetanus affects the nerves that control your muscles, which can lead to difficulty swallowing. You may also experience spasms and stiffness in various muscles, especially those in your jaw, abdomen, chest, back, and neck.

    The incubation period — the time between exposure to the bacteria and the onset of illness — is between 3 and 21 days. Symptoms typically appear within 14 daysTrusted Source of initial infection. Infections that occur faster after exposure are typically more severe and have a worse prognosis.
    Other common tetanus symptoms are:

    fast heart rate
    fever
    sweating
    high blood pressure

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
Nasim

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tetanus
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala
    This answer was edited.

    The pathogenesis of tetanus is as follows: Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) spores usually enter the body through a wound or breach in the skin. In the presence of anaerobic conditions, the spores germinate and produce two toxins: oxygen-labile hemolysin also called tetanolysin, and a plasmid-encoded,Read more

    The pathogenesis of tetanus is as follows: Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) spores usually enter the body through a wound or breach in the skin. In the presence of anaerobic conditions, the spores germinate and produce two toxins: oxygen-labile hemolysin also called tetanolysin, and a plasmid-encoded, heat-labile neurotoxin called tetanospasmin. The plasmid carrying the gene for tetanospasmin is non-conjugative. The toxin binds to nerve endings at the site of injury and is transported by retrograde axonal flow to the spinal cord. The toxin then blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, leading to unopposed muscle contraction.

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