Write the hazard of blood transfusion.

While blood transfusions are often life-saving, they can also carry certain hazards or risks, ranging from mild to severe. Here’s a detailed overview:

⚠️ Hazards of Blood Transfusion

🧪 1. Allergic Reactions
– Symptoms: Hives, itching, rash
– Cause: Immune response to proteins in donor blood
– Usually mild and treatable with antihistamines

🌡️ 2. Febrile Non-Hemolytic Reaction (FNHTR)
– Symptoms: Fever, chills
– Cause: Reaction to white blood cells in transfused blood
– Can be reduced by leucoreduction (removing white cells)

🩸 3. Acute Hemolytic Reaction
– Symptoms: Fever, chills, chest/back pain, dark urine
– Cause: Mismatch in blood type; immune system attacks transfused red cells
– Can lead to kidney damage and is potentially life-threatening

🦠 4. Transmission of Infections
Despite rigorous screening, there’s a very small risk of transmitting:
– HIV (1 in 2 million chance)
– Hepatitis B (1 in 300,000)
– Hepatitis C (1 in 1.5 million)
– West Nile Virus (1 in 350,000)

5. Respiratory Complications
– Includes TRALI (Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury)
– Sudden onset of breathing difficulty
– Requires immediate medical attention

🧬 6. Iron Overload
– Occurs in patients receiving multiple transfusions (e.g., thalassemia)
– Excess iron can damage organs like the liver and heart

🧠 7. Immunomodulation
– Transfusion may alter immune response
– Can increase risk of infections, organ dysfunction, and longer hospital stays