What are the classifications of learning?

Here’s a clear, structured overview of the main classifications of learning in psychology and education, with examples for each.

1️⃣ Based on the Nature of Association
Non-Associative Learning – Change in response to a single stimulus without forming associations.
Habituation – Gradual decrease in response to a repeated harmless stimulus.
Sensitization – Increased responsiveness after exposure to a strong or harmful stimulus.
Associative Learning – Forming connections between stimuli and responses.
Classical Conditioning – Learning through association (Pavlov’s dogs salivating at a bell).
Operant Conditioning – Learning through consequences (Skinner’s reinforcement and punishment).

2️⃣ Based on the Method of Learning
Trial-and-Error Learning – Repeated attempts until the correct response is found (Thorndike’s puzzle box with cats).
Observational (Imitative) Learning – Learning by watching others (Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment).
Insight Learning – Sudden realization of a solution without trial-and-error (Köhler’s chimpanzee using a stick to get bananas).

3️⃣ Based on the Domain of Learning
Cognitive Learning – Focuses on mental processes like thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.
Affective Learning – Involves emotions, values, and attitudes.
Psychomotor Learning – Development of physical skills and coordination.

4️⃣ Based on Purpose or Context
Rote Learning – Memorizing without deep understanding (e.g., multiplication tables).
Meaningful Learning – Connecting new knowledge to existing concepts for deeper understanding.
Experiential Learning – Learning through direct experience and reflection.

✅ In short: Learning can be classified by how it happens (method), what is learned (domain), and why it’s learned (purpose). These categories often overlap in real-life situations.