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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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health
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    Bangladesh healthcare systems are mentioned below: 1. In Ward Level: -Community Clinic, -Family Welfare Centre (FWC). Manpower: -Family Welfare Visitor (FWV), -Family Welfare Assistants (FWAs), - Medical Assistant (MAs), -Skill Birth Attendance (SBA), -Village Health Volunteer (VHV), -Community MidwRead more

    Bangladesh healthcare systems are mentioned below:
    1. In Ward Level:
    -Community Clinic,
    -Family Welfare Centre (FWC).

    Manpower:
    -Family Welfare Visitor (FWV),
    -Family Welfare Assistants (FWAs),
    – Medical Assistant (MAs),
    -Skill Birth Attendance (SBA),
    -Village Health Volunteer (VHV),
    -Community Midwife (CMW).

    Services:
    -Establishing referral linkage with higher facilities,
    -Family planning,
    -EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization),
    -Primary health care,
    -Oral rehydration therapy,
    -Sanitation,
    -Nutrition.

    Role and Activities:
    -Creating awareness going door to door,
    -Immediate refer system,
    -Home visit of pregnant women,
    Normal delivery conduct.

    2. In Union Level:
    -Family welfare center (FWC),
    -Community clinic,
    -Union sub-center,
    -Rural dispensary.

    Manpower:
    -MBBS doctor,
    -Medical assistant,
    -Nurse,
    -Word boy or patient care attendance.

    Services:
    -Maternal and neonatal health care services,
    -Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI),
    -Reproductive Health and FP services,
    -Registration of newly married women, pregnant women,
    -Birth & death, preservation of EDD (Expected Date of Delivery),
    -Nutritional education and micro-nutrient supplements,
    -Health, Nutrition and FP Education & counseling,
    -EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization),
    -Delivery conduct,
    -Primary health care,
    -Outpatient service for injuries, wound, and minor alignment,
    -Identifications of emergency & complicated cases & refer to higher facilities,
    -Treatment of Common diseases & first aid.

    Role and Activities:
    -Immediate refer system,
    -Home visit,
    -Create awareness and monthly meeting with union council,
    -Delivery of some essential drugs.

    3. In Upazilla Level:
    -Upazilla Health Complex (UHC),
    -TB Clinic.

    Manpower:
    -Upazilla health family planning officer(UHFPO),
    -Maternal child welfare officer(MCWO),
    -Consultant doctor,
    -Residential medical officers (RMO),
    -Medical officers (MO),
    -Nurse,
    -Laboratory technician,
    -Pharmacist,
    -Traditionally trained birth attendance,
    -Family panning officers.

    Services:
    -Comprehensive emergency obstetric care,
    -Facilitate services of gynecology, anesthesia,
    -Nursing service and basic laboratory facilities,
    -Admission and discharge,
    -General health problem treatment,
    -Normal Delivery conduct,
    -Cesarean delivery,
    -TB treatment,
    -Leprosy treatment,
    -Maternal child care,
    -EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization),
    -Family planning.

    Role and Activities:
    -Trained union-level health care staff,
    -Create awareness,
    -Referral system,
    -Control communicable disease,
    -Pre-service education,
    -Health education and health promotion.

    4. In District Level:
    -District hospital with the nursing institute,
    -General hospital,
    -Medical college with the nursing institute,
    -Chest disease clinic,
    -Leprosy clinic,
    -Medical assistant training institute,
    -Private clinic.

    Manpower:
    -Civil Surgeon,
    -Consultant doctor,
    -RMOs (Residential Medical Officers),
    -MOS (Medical Officers),
    -Superintendent of drugs,
    -Family Planning supervisor,
    -Public health nurse,
    -FPO (Family Planning Officer),
    -EPI supervisor,
    -MCW officer,
    -Pharmacist,
    -Technicians,
    -Recordkeeper.

    Services:
    -All general healthcare,
    -Operative care,
    -Rehabilitation center,
    -Support to Upazila health complex,
    -Supplements materials to UHC,
    -Co-ordination with all health care center,
    -Training of health care personnel and Capacity building,
    -Nursing education and service,
    -Hospital service management and safe blood transfusion.

    Role and Activities:
    -Development and administration of care service at the district level,
    -Specialist, diagnostic and laboratory service,
    -Strengthening of drug administration and management,
    -Training, research, and development,
    -Referral system.

    5. In Divisional Level:
    -Medical College and Hospital, with Nursing Institute,
    -General Hospital with Nursing Institute,
    -Infectious Disease Hospital,
    -Institute of Health Technology.

    Manpower:
    -Divisional director,
    -Civil surgeon,
    -Consultant doctor,
    -Resister medical officers,
    -RMOs,
    -MOs,
    -Superintendent of drugs,
    -Family Planning supervisor,
    -Public health nurse,
    -FPO,
    -EPI supervisor,
    -MCW officer,
    -Pharmacist,
    -Technicians,
    -Recordkeeper.

    Services:
    -Provide care of all complicated disease,
    -Rehabilitation care,
    -Training, research, and development,
    -Provide care of infectious and communicable disease,
    -Ensure nursing care.

    Role and Activities:
    -Responsible for policy formulation and decision making in health care sectors.
    -Planning and implementation of programs and projects and technical guidance to the health sector.

    6. At National level:
    -Public health institute,
    -Postgraduate medical institute and hospital with the nursing institute,
    -Specialized health institute.

    Manpower:
    -Director of the institute,
    -The principal of the medical college,
    -Consultant doctor,
    -Registered medical officer,
    -RMOs,
    -MOs,
    -Public health nurse,
    -Recordkeeper.

    Services:
    -Facilitate opportunity for higher education,
    Provide super-specialty care.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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diseases
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    Diseases or infections are transmitted in many ways. It may be directly transmitted from one person to another, or by certain bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi. There are two different modes of transmission of diseases: A) Direct Transmission– This occurs when the pathogen is transmitted directlRead more

    Diseases or infections are transmitted in many ways. It may be directly transmitted from one person to another, or by certain bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi. There are two different modes of transmission of diseases:

    A) Direct Transmission– This occurs when the pathogen is transmitted directly from an infected person. For eg., if an open wound comes in contact with the blood of a Hepatitis B infected patient, the wounded person might contract the disease.

    B) Indirect Transmission- When the pathogens are not transmitted directly from the infected person but through vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, ticks, dogs, etc., it is known as indirect transmission.

    Disease Transmission:
    A) Direct Transmission
    1. Person to Person: When an infected person comes in contact with or exchanges body fluids with a non-infected person. A mother can transmit infections to the unborn child via the placenta. A sexually transmitted disease such as gonorrhoea can be transmitted by direct transmission.

    2. Droplet Transmission: The droplets spread during sneezing, speaking, and coughing by an infected person can spread infections. The infections can also spread by touching the nose and mouth with the hands contaminated with infectious droplets. The droplets are so minute that they travel only a short distance before falling. The people nearby might contract infections.

    3. Spread by skin: There are a few infections such as chickenpox, conjunctivitis, head lice, ringworm, etc., which spread when the skin of an infected person comes in contact with the skin of the other person.

    4. Spread through body fluids or blood: A few diseases spread when the body fluids or blood of an infected person come in contact with the mucous membrane or bloodstream of an uninfected person. Diseases such as hepatitis, HIV, cytomegalovirus infections, etc. spread through semen and vaginal fluids, saliva, breastmilk, urine, etc.

    B) Indirect Transmission:
    1. Airborne Transmission: Some infectious agents remain suspended in the air for a long period of time. These pathogens might attack the immune system of a person in contact. E.g. if you enter a room that was initially occupied by a patient of measles, you too might catch the infection.

    2. Contaminated Objects: The objects around us carry pathogens. Touching the infected objects which were initially used by a diseased person might render us diseased. Contaminated blood and medical supplies can also spread infections.

    3. Vector-Borne Diseases: Some infectious agents are transmitted by the blood-sucking insects. The insects feed on hosts such as birds, animals, and humans and carry infectious agents from them. These infections are transmitted to some new host. Malaria and Lyme disease are the two vector-borne diseases.

    4.Food and Drinking Water: Improperly canned and undercooked food is the main source of infections. Water also carries various pathogens from rivers and lakes. It should be boiled or filtered before use. E.coli is transmitted through contaminated food which causes various stomach problems. Botulism is caused by the consumption of improperly canned food. Cholera is one water-borne disease which has affected millions of people consuming contaminated water.

    5.Transmission through Animals: When an infected animal bites or scratches against a person, it transfers the infectious agents to the person. These agents can also be transmitted through animal waste. When diseases are transferred from animals to people, zoonosis occurs. Anthrax (sheep), rabies (dogs), plague (rodents) are some of the diseases transmitted from animals to humans. Pregnant women and people with weak immune systems are more prone to infections.

    6.Environmental Factors: The infectious agents are present in soil, water and plants as well. These agents can be transmitted to people and may cause diseases. For eg., Hookworm is transmitted through contaminated soil. Legionnaires’ disease is spread by water supplied to condensers and cooling towers.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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communication
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    Public health communication is the development, dissemination, and evaluation of relevant, accurate, accessible, and understandable information shared with and received from intended audiences to protect and advance the health of the public. Public health communication is inherently interventionist,Read more

    Public health communication is the development, dissemination, and evaluation of relevant, accurate, accessible, and understandable information shared with and received from intended audiences to protect and advance the health of the public.

    Public health communication is inherently interventionist, seeking to promote and protect health through change at all levels of influence.

    Public health communication is a key intervention used by public health practitioners at all levels. It embraces a range of communication strategies. Public health communication has a number of purposes such as:

    * Influencing social norms
    * Advocating for healthy public policy
    * Providing public alerts
    * Increasing individual knowledge and awareness and promoting behaviour change

    Audiences range from individuals, groups, communities, stakeholders, to decision-makers, and community partners. Public health communication is bi-directional, i.e., between PPH and community members. Communication can be a cost-effective population-based strategy. Effective communication strategies and mechanisms have the potential to quickly reach large audiences or specific groups and individuals, and provide a means to receive information. Public health communication strategies are high quality and targeted that reflect the interest, needs and values of the intended audience.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
Nasim

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choleravibrio cholerae
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala
    This answer was edited.

    Stool culture — A definitive diagnosis of cholera is based on isolation of the organism from clinical samples, which also permits a determination of the antibiotic susceptibility profile. V. cholerae can be isolated from stool using selective media such as thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar or taRead more

    Stool culture — A definitive diagnosis of cholera is based on isolation of the organism from clinical samples, which also permits a determination of the antibiotic susceptibility profile. V. cholerae can be isolated from stool using selective media such as thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar or taurocholate tellurite gelatin agar. Once cultured, V. cholerae can be identified by biochemical tests; serogroup and serotype can be assigned by testing with specific antibodies. In settings such as the United States, where cholera is a sporadic illness, the clinical microbiology laboratory should be informed of a suspicion of cholera so that appropriate selective media can be used. These selective media are not routinely used for stool culture.

    The recovery of viable V. cholerae from clinical specimens can be enhanced by enrichment in alkaline peptone water . V. cholerae can also persist in a number of standard transport media, including Cary-Blair media, while being transported to a central laboratory from field settings.

    Rapid tests and other tools

    ●Antigen detection − Several rapid antigen detection-based tests are commercially available for diagnosis of cholera. These include immunochromatographic lateral flow devices (dipsticks), such as Crystal VC, which detect the presence of the O1 or O139 antigen in watery diarrheal stools, and Cholkit, which detects only the O1 antigen. In one meta-analysis including 20 studies representing 8 different commercial rapid tests, the combined sensitivity was 90 percent (95% CI 86-93) and the specificity was 86 percent (95% CI 81-90), relative to bacterial culture (the diagnostic gold standard); there was variation across individual studies.

    The sensitivity of culture is diminished among individuals who no longer shed viable bacteria in the stool; negative stool culture may be observed in the setting of antibiotic administration and/or coinfection with lytic bacteriophage. The apparent diminished specificity of antigen-based dipstick tests (bacterial culture used as the diagnostic gold standard) may reflect of the limits of bacterial culture. To account for this, one study evaluated the performance of Cholkit, Crystal VC, microbial culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a Bayesian latent class modeling approach; the sensitivity of Cholkit and Crystal VC were 98 percent (95% CI 88-100 percent for both), with specificities of 97 percent (95% CI 89-100 percent) and 98 percent (95% CI 92-100 percent), respectively.

    ●Molecular tests − Molecular testing for V. cholerae (eg, PCR), including tests that use dried fecal spots, is also feasible; however, thus far practical use of molecular tests has been limited to epidemiologic research and surveillance.

    ●Darkfield microscopy − Darkfield microscopy of rice-water stools (at 400x magnification) can also be used to evaluate for the presence of highly motile Vibrios, whose shooting star-like motion can be inhibited by the subsequent addition of specific antibodies [52]. Darkfield microscopy is quite specific for V. cholerae but lacks sufficient sensitivity to be used reliably for diagnosis.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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community medicine
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    "Community Medicine is about a system of delivery of comprehensive health care (preventive, promotive, curative & rehabilitative) to the people by a health team in order to improve the health of the community. It deals with population or groups rather than individual patients. It is concerned wiRead more

    “Community Medicine is about a system of delivery of comprehensive health care (preventive, promotive, curative & rehabilitative) to the people by a health team in order to improve the health of the community. It deals with population or groups rather than individual patients. It is concerned with identification and assessment of health needs of the people, health problems affecting them and to devise appropriate measures (planning, organization, delivery and evaluation of health care services) to meet these requirements as best as possible with the available resources. Community Medicine is thus a bridge between public health and clinical medicine. Successful implementation of a community health program under the leadership of a doctor depends on the mutual co-operation among all grades of health personnel’s, social workers, community leaders connected with the program and the common team spirit exhibited by them.

    Doctors should be prepared to build up an effective partnership for health. It has now been realized that medical education should include knowledge about behavioral science, for such knowledge will enable medical students to appreciate human behavior better and to understand how different cultures influence health & illness. This will prepare doctors to deal more effectively the diseases and human sufferings.”- Ibrahim Medical College.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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health
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."- WHO

    “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”- WHO

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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disease
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    An abnormal condition of an organism which interrupts the normal bodily functions that often leads to feeling of pain and weakness, and usually associated with symptoms and signs. A pathologic condition in which the normal functioning of an organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in extrRead more

    An abnormal condition of an organism which interrupts the normal bodily functions that often leads to feeling of pain and weakness, and usually associated with symptoms and signs.
    A pathologic condition in which the normal functioning of an organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, or death.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , ,
Nasim

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diseases
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The Epidemiologic Triangle The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines an outbreak or epidemic as “the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period.” When investigatRead more

    The Epidemiologic Triangle
    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines an outbreak or epidemic as “the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period.” When investigating how a disease spreads and how to combat it, the epidemiologic triangle can be an invaluable tool. The epidemiologic triangle is made up of three parts: agent, host and environment.

    Agent:
    The agent is the microorganism that actually causes the disease in question. An agent could be some form of bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite.

    Host:
    The agent infects the host, which is the organism that carries the disease. A host doesn’t necessarily get sick; hosts can act as carriers for an agent without displaying any outward symptoms of the disease. Hosts get sick or carry an agent because some part of their physiology is hospitable or attractive to the agent.

    Environment:
    Outside factors can affect an epidemiologic outbreak as well; collectively these are referred to as the environment. The environment includes any factors that affect the spread of the disease but are not directly a part of the agent or the host. For example, the temperature in a given location might affect an agent’s ability to thrive, as might the quality of drinking water or the accessibility of adequate medical facilities.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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epidemiology
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    Epidemiology is the only way of asking some questions in medicine, one way of asking others (and no way at all to ask many). Seven ‘uses' of epidemiology have been described: 1. In historical study of the health of the community and of the rise and fall of diseases in the population; useful ‘projectRead more

    Epidemiology is the only way of asking some questions in medicine, one way of asking others (and no way at all to ask many). Seven ‘uses’ of epidemiology have been described:

    1. In historical study of the health of the community and of the rise and fall of diseases in the population; useful ‘projections’ into the future may also be possible.

    2. For community diagnosis of the presence, nature and distribution of health and disease among the population, and the dimensions of these in incidence, prevalence, and mortality; taking into account that society is changing and health problems are changing.

    3. To study the workings of health services. This begins with the determination of needs and resources, proceeds to analysis of services in action and, finally, attempts to appraise. Such studies can be comparative between various populations.

    4. To estimate, from the common experience, the individual’s chances and risks of disease.

    5. To help complete the clinical picture by including all types of cases in proportion; by relating clinical disease to the subclinical; by observing secular changes in the character of disease, and its picture in other countries.

    6. In identifying syndromes from the distribution of clinical phenomena among sections of the population.

    7. In the search for causes of health and disease, starting with the discovery of groups with high and low rates, studying these differences in relation to differences in ways of living; and, where possible, testing these notions in the actual practice among populations.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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difference
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    ENDEMIC: A disease outbreak is endemic when it is consistently present but limited to a particular region. This makes the disease spread and rates predictable. Malaria, for example, is considered endemic in certain countries and regions. PANDEMIC: The World Health Organization (WHO) declares a pandeRead more

    ENDEMIC: A disease outbreak is endemic when it is consistently present but limited to a particular region. This makes the disease spread and rates predictable. Malaria, for example, is considered endemic in certain countries and regions.

    PANDEMIC: The World Health Organization (WHO) declares a pandemic when a disease’s growth is exponential. This means the growth rate skyrockets, and each day cases grow more than the day prior. In being declared a pandemic, the virus has nothing to do with virology, population immunity, or disease severity. It means a virus covers a wide area, affecting several countries and populations.

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