Nusrat Jahan Maha - Followers Answers

Behind these elements lies a series of basic objectives that should be formulated in national policies to launch and sustain primary healthcare (PHC) as part of a comprehensive health system and coordination with other sectors.

1. Improvement in the level of health care of the community.
2. Favorable population growth structure.
3. Reduction in the prevalence of preventable, communicable, and other diseases.
4. Reduction in morbidity and mortality rates especially among infants and children.
5. Extension of essential health services with priority given to the underserved sectors.
6. Improvement in basic sanitation.
7. Development of the capability of the community aimed at self-reliance.
8. Maximizing the contribution of the other sectors for the social and economic development of the community.
9. Equitable distribution of health care– according to this principle, primary care and other services to meet the main health problems in a community must be provided equally to all individuals irrespective of their gender, age, and caste, urban/rural, and social class.
10. Community participation-comprehensive healthcare relies on adequate numbers and distribution of trained physicians, nurses, allied health professions, community health workers, and others working as a health team and supported at the local and referral levels.
11. Multi-sectional approach-recognition that health cannot be improved by intervention within just the formal health sector; other sectors are equally important in promoting the health and self-reliance of communities.
12. Use of appropriate technology- medical technology should be provided that accessible, affordable, feasible, and culturally acceptable to the community.

There are 8 elements of primary health care (PHC). That listed below-

E-Education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of identifying, preventing, and controlling them.
L– Locally endemic disease prevention and control.
E– An expanded program of immunization against major infectious diseases.
M– Maternal and child health care including family planning.
E– Essential drugs arrangement.
N– Nutritional food supplement, an adequate supply of safe and basic nutrition.
T– Treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases and the promotion of mental health.
S– Safe water and sanitation.

Prevention includes a wide range of activities — known as “interventions” — aimed at reducing risks or threats to health. You may have heard researchers and health experts talk about three categories of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary.

1. Primary prevention
Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur. Examples include:

legislation and enforcement to ban or control the use of hazardous products (e.g. asbestos) or to mandate safe and healthy practices (e.g. use of seatbelts and bike helmets)
education about healthy and safe habits (e.g. eating well, exercising regularly, not smoking)
immunization against infectious diseases.
2. Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent re-injury or recurrence, and implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems. Examples include:

regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages (e.g. mammograms to detect breast cancer)
daily, low-dose aspirins and/or diet and exercise programs to prevent further heart attacks or strokes
suitably modified work so injured or ill workers can return safely to their jobs.
3. Tertiary prevention
Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and injuries (e.g. chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to function, their quality of life, and their life expectancy. Examples include:

cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs (e.g. for diabetes, arthritis, depression, etc.)
support groups that allow members to share strategies for living well
vocational rehabilitation programs to retrain workers for new jobs when they have recovered as much as possible.

Epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global). It is also the application of this study to the control of health problems.