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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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bacteria
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    There are many different types of bacteria. One way of classifying them is by shape. There are three basic shapes: 1. Spherical (cocci), 2. Rod-shaped (bacilli), and 3. spiral (spirilla). If their coil is very tight they are known as spirochetes.

    There are many different types of bacteria. One way of classifying them is by shape. There are three basic shapes:
    1. Spherical (cocci),
    2. Rod-shaped (bacilli), and
    3. spiral (spirilla). If their coil is very tight they are known as spirochetes.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , ,
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bacteria
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. Bacteria are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spiraRead more

    Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. Bacteria are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean, and inside the human gut.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , , , ,
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antigen
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    In general, two main divisions of antigens are recognized: foreign antigens (or heteroantigens) and autoantigens (or self-antigens). Foreign antigens originate from outside the body. Examples include parts of or substances produced by viruses or microorganisms (such as bacteria and protozoa), as welRead more

    In general, two main divisions of antigens are recognized: foreign antigens (or heteroantigens) and autoantigens (or self-antigens). Foreign antigens originate from outside the body. Examples include parts of or substances produced by viruses or microorganisms (such as bacteria and protozoa), as well as substances in snake venom, certain proteins in foods, and components of serum and red blood cells from other individuals. Autoantigens, on the other hand, originate within the body. Normally, the body is able to distinguish self from nonself, but in persons with autoimmune disorders, normal bodily substances provoke an immune response, leading to the generation of autoantibodies. An antigen that induces an immune response.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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hypersensitivity
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala
    This answer was edited.

    Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an overreaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging and uncomfortable. Hypersensitivity reactions can be classified into fRead more

    Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an overreaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging and uncomfortable.

    Hypersensitivity reactions can be classified into four types:
    – **Type I:** IgE mediated immediate reaction
    – **Type II:** Antibody-mediated reaction (IgG or IgM antibodies)
    – **Type III:** Immune complex-mediated reaction
    – **Type IV:** Cytotoxic, cell-mediated, delayed hypersensitivity reaction

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , , , , , , , , , ,
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hypersensitivity
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state ofRead more

    Reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state of the host. The Gell and Coombs classification of hypersensitivity is the most widely used and distinguishes four types of immune response that result in bystander tissue damage.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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difference
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    T cells vs B Cells T cells and B cells are the two types of lymphocytes that are involved in triggering the immune response in the body. Both T cells and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. The T cells migrate to the thymus for maturation. Both T cells and B cells are involved in recognizing paRead more

    T cells vs B Cells T cells and B cells are the two types of lymphocytes that are involved in triggering the immune response in the body. Both T cells and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. The T cells migrate to the thymus for maturation. Both T cells and B cells are involved in recognizing pathogens and other harmful, foreign materials inside the body such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and dead cells. The two types of T cells are helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. The major function of the helper T cells is to activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells. The cytotoxic T cells destroy pathogens by phagocytosis. B cells produce and secrete antibodies, activating the immune system to destroy the pathogens. The main difference between T cells and B cells is that T cells can only recognize viral antigens outside the infected cells whereas B cells can recognize the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , , , , , , , ,
Nasim
Begginer

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immunity
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    1. Lymphoid organs 2. Bone marrow 3. Thymus 4. Lymph nodes 5. Spleen 6. Tonsils 7. Mucous membranes 8. WBC 9. RBC 10. Platelets.

    1. Lymphoid organs
    2. Bone marrow
    3. Thymus
    4. Lymph nodes
    5. Spleen
    6. Tonsils
    7. Mucous membranes
    8. WBC
    9. RBC
    10. Platelets.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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immunity
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    Active immunity is defined as immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to all or part of that pathogen. When the body is exposed to a novel disease agent, a cascade of signaling molecules and action from the innate immune system results in the activation of the adaptive immune system. PRead more

    Active immunity is defined as immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to all or part of that pathogen. When the body is exposed to a novel disease agent, a cascade of signaling molecules and action from the innate immune system results in the activation of the adaptive immune system. Production of large numbers of T cells and B cells specific to the pathogen is promoted.

    Passive immunity, on the other hand, is developed by antibodies that are produced outside and then introduced into the body. This can occur naturally, such as when antibodies are transferred from a mother to her baby through the placenta or breast milk, or artificially, such as when a person is given an injection of antibodies.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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immunity
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The primary immune response occurs when an antigen comes in contact with the immune system for the first time. During this time, the immune system has to learn to recognize the antigen and how to make an antibody against it. This process can take several days to weeks. The secondary immune responseRead more

    The primary immune response occurs when an antigen comes in contact with the immune system for the first time. During this time, the immune system has to learn to recognize the antigen and how to make an antibody against it. This process can take several days to weeks.

    The secondary immune response occurs when the same antigen is encountered again at a later time. Due to the presence of memory cells, the lag phase of the secondary immune response is shorter than that of the primary immune response. The secondary immune response is also stronger and faster than the primary immune response.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , ,
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componentsimmunityinnate immunity
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Begginer dr.basuriwala

    The innate immune system comprises four main components that help in defense action. Let us look at them in detail. 1. Anatomical Barriers of Innate Immunity The anatomical barrier of innate immunity involves mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers that act as the first line of defense againstRead more

    The innate immune system comprises four main components that help in defense action. Let us look at them in detail.

    1. Anatomical Barriers of Innate Immunity
    The anatomical barrier of innate immunity involves mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers that act as the first line of defense against the pathogen.

    Mechanical barriers of innate immunity: Mechanical barriers or physical barriers block the entry of pathogens into the body physically. Skin is the first mechanical barrier that makes the entry of pathogens difficult because of the epidermis. Hair, an accessory organ on the skin, also prevents the entry of pathogens.
    Mucous membranes in the urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract are also mechanical barriers.

    Chemical barriers of innate immunity: Chemical barriers block entry of pathogens at body openings and inner body surfaces. Examples of chemical barriers include sweat, breast milk, mucus, saliva, tears, and semen. Vaginal secretion is acidic in nature and is not endured by pathogens. Semen has zinc which is intolerable by pathogens. The digestive juices produced in the stomach also kill foreign invaders.
    Biological barriers of innate immunity: There are a number of harmless bacteria that live inside our urinary, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts that make the environment inhospitable for pathogens or harmful bacteria to survive in our body.
    2. Cellular Response
    The cellular response of the innate immune system involves different kinds of leukocytes that kill pathogens by phagocytosis. These leukocytes circulate in the blood and single-handedly kill the pathogens that invade our bodies.

    Phagocytosis is an important cellular process where a cell engulfs larger and more harmful particles by extending its plasma membrane. In this process, the phagocytic cell extends its plasma membrane to envelope the pathogen inside it and form a vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then fused with the lysosome, together known as the phagolysosome. Acids and digestive enzymes secreted from the lysosome kill the pathogens.

    The cells involved in phagocytosis include neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

    3. Blood Proteins
    The liver cells or hepatocytes produce a range of proteins that destroy the invading pathogens. These proteins are produced as a result of the complement system. The complement system is a biochemical cascade that complements the ability of antibodies to kill pathogens. The proteins of the complement system work in the following ways:

    They help in the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
    They coat the surface of the pathogen, making it an easy target for destruction.
    It forms a hole in the pathogen cell wall, causing its cytolysis and destruction.
    It filters the neutralized antibody-antigen complexes out of the body.
    4. Inflammatory Response
    The inflammatory response is observed when a pathogen is able to break anatomical barriers and enter our body. Inflammation is recognized as redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function in the infected area. It is triggered by chemicals such as histamine and cytokines that are secreted by injured cells or immune system cells such as macrophages.

    These chemicals recruit tissue-repairing proteins and pathogen-destroying leukocytes to the site of injury for pathogen-killing and tissue repair. Some cytokines are anti-viral in nature such that they block the protein synthesis in host cells which is a prerequisite for the virus to survive and divide.

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