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What are the cultural characteristics of neisseria meningitidis?
Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis. The bacterium is referred to as a coccus because it is round, and more specifically a diplocRead more
Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis. The bacterium is referred to as a coccus because it is round, and more specifically a diplococcus because of its tendency to form pairs³. Meningococci have complex nutritional requirements and readily grow in media containing blood or serum, commonly Blood Agar medium, Chocolate Agar medium & Mueller Hinton Agar medium is used for the cultivation of Neisseria meningitidis in the laboratory. They grow best at 35 –36°C and require a moist environment with 5 – 10% CO2 for growth in the laboratory.
See lessWhat are the morphological characteristics of enterobacteriaceae?
Enterobacteriaceae are a family of gram-negative bacteria. They are rod-shaped and can be either motile with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile.
Enterobacteriaceae are a family of gram-negative bacteria. They are rod-shaped and can be either motile with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile.
See lessWhat are the cultural characteristics of enterobacteriaceae?
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae have the following characteristics: They are gram-negative rods, either motile with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile. They grow on peptone or meat extract media without the addition of sodium chloride or other supplements. They grow well on MacConkey agar.Read more
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae have the following characteristics: They are gram-negative rods, either motile with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile. They grow on peptone or meat extract media without the addition of sodium chloride or other supplements. They grow well on MacConkey agar. They grow aerobically and anaerobically (are facultative anaerobes). They ferment rather than oxidize glucose, often with gas production. They are catalase positive, oxidase negative (except for Plesiomonas), and reduce nitrate to nitrite. They have a 39–59% G + C DNA content.
See lessWhat are the pathogenesis of E.coli?
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacteria that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most E.coli strains are harmless, but some can cause serious food poisoning. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is a bacterium that can cause severe foodborne disease.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacteria that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most E.coli strains are harmless, but some can cause serious food poisoning. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is a bacterium that can cause severe foodborne disease.
See lessWhat are the pathogenesis of enteric fever?
Enteric fever, also known as typhoid fever, is caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi (S Typhi) and Salmonella Paratyphi A and B. The pathogenesis of enteric fever depends on a number of factors including the infecting species and infectious dose. Ingested organisms survive exposure to gastric acidRead more
Enteric fever, also known as typhoid fever, is caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi (S Typhi) and Salmonella Paratyphi A and B. The pathogenesis of enteric fever depends on a number of factors including the infecting species and infectious dose. Ingested organisms survive exposure to gastric acid before gaining access to the small bowel, where they penetrate the epithelium, enter the lymphoid tissue, and disseminate via the lymphatic or hematogenous route.
See lessWhat are the general properties of fungal infection?
Fungal infections, or mycosis, are diseases caused by a fungus (yeast or mold). Fungal infections are most common on your skin or nails, but fungi can also cause infections in your mouth, throat, lungs, urinary tract, and many other parts of your body. Fungi are living things that are classified sepRead more
Fungal infections, or mycosis, are diseases caused by a fungus (yeast or mold). Fungal infections are most common on your skin or nails, but fungi can also cause infections in your mouth, throat, lungs, urinary tract, and many other parts of your body. Fungi are living things that are classified separately from plants or animals. They move around by spreading out or sending spores (reproductive parts) into the air or environment. Many fungi live naturally in our body (mouth, GI tract, skin) but can overgrow under certain circumstances.
The symptoms of fungal infection will depend on the type, but common symptoms include skin changes, including cracking or peeling skin and itching. You’re at higher risk for fungal infections if you have a weakened immune system.
See lessWhat are the clinical features of candidiasis?
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida. Some species of Candida can cause infection in people; the most common is Candida albicans. Candida normally lives on the skin and inside the body, such as the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, without causing problRead more
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida. Some species of Candida can cause infection in people; the most common is Candida albicans. Candida normally lives on the skin and inside the body, such as the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, without causing problems. However, it can cause infections if it grows out of control or if it enters deep into the body.
The clinical features of candidiasis vary according to the type of candidal infection. For example:
See less1. Pseudomembranous oral candidiasis (oral thrush) presents with patches of curd-like, white, or yellowish plaques that can occur anywhere in the mouth, especially the cheeks, gums, palate, and tongue.
2. Signs and symptoms of invasive candidiasis are often non-specific and include fever and chills that do not respond to antibacterial treatment. Candidemia is the most common form of invasive candidiasis.
Other forms include endocarditis, peritonitis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, and endophthalmitis.
What are the lab diagnosis of candidiasis?
There are several laboratory tests that can be used to diagnose candidiasis. The most common test is a **blood culture test**, which checks if Candida grows from a blood sample. Other tests include **mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibody test**, which detects a carbohydrate in the cell wall of CanRead more
There are several laboratory tests that can be used to diagnose candidiasis. The most common test is a **blood culture test**, which checks if Candida grows from a blood sample. Other tests include **mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibody test**, which detects a carbohydrate in the cell wall of Candida, and **organic acids urine test**, which measures the metabolites of Candida in the body. For candida in the mouth or throat, a visual examination or a small sample from the area may be enough. For candida in the esophagus, an **endoscopy** may be needed.
See lessWhat are the virulance factors of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has many virulence factors, which can be divided across: 1. Lipid and fatty acid metabolism, 2. Cell envelope proteins, 3. Macrophage inhibitors, 4. Kinase proteins, 5. Proteases, 6. Metal-transporter proteins, and 7. Gene expression regulators. Some of the virulence factoRead more
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has many virulence factors, which can be divided across:
See less1. Lipid and fatty acid metabolism,
2. Cell envelope proteins,
3. Macrophage inhibitors,
4. Kinase proteins,
5. Proteases,
6. Metal-transporter proteins, and
7. Gene expression regulators.
Some of the virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis include:
1. Surface-exposed lipids in the mycobacterial outer membrane,
2. Esx family proteins,
3. Pro-Glu (PE)/ Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) family proteins secreted by type VII secretion systems (T7SS),
4. Alternative sigma factors,
5. Transcriptional repressors and activators,
6. Two-component signaling systems,
7. Metabolic enzymes and
8. Cellular secretory systems.
What is atypical mycobacteria?
Atypical mycobacteria are mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. They are found in nature, such as in soil, water, and animals, and may colonize poorly sanitized medical equipment. They can cause various infections in humans, such as skin, soft tissue, lymph node, lung, and disseminRead more
Atypical mycobacteria are mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. They are found in nature, such as in soil, water, and animals, and may colonize poorly sanitized medical equipment. They can cause various infections in humans, such as skin, soft tissue, lymph node, lung, and disseminated infections. Some of the most common species of atypical mycobacteria that cause human infections are:
See less1. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
2. Mycobacterium kansasii
3. Mycobacterium marinum
4. Mycobacterium ulcerans
5. Mycobacterium abscessus complex
6. Mycobacterium chelonae, and
7. Mycobacterium fortuitum