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What are the Difference between caries and decayed?
Caries and decayed are related terms in dentistry but refer to different aspects of the same condition: 1. Caries (often called dental caries): - This is the medical term for the disease process that leads to tooth decay. - It describes the dynamic interaction between bacteria in the mouth, dietaryRead more
Caries and decayed are related terms in dentistry but refer to different aspects of the same condition:
1. Caries (often called dental caries):
– This is the medical term for the disease process that leads to tooth decay.
– It describes the dynamic interaction between bacteria in the mouth, dietary sugars, and tooth enamel. Bacteria produce acids that demineralize the enamel, leading to cavities (holes in the teeth).
– Caries can be classified by stage (e.g., incipient, moderate, severe) or location (e.g., pit-and-fissure, root caries).
2. Decayed:
– This is an adjective describing the result of untreated caries.
– A tooth is termed “decayed” when its structure (enamel, dentin, or pulp) has been damaged or destroyed by the caries process.
– Decay implies visible or tangible deterioration, such as cavities, discoloration, or soft spots in the tooth.
Key Difference:
– Caries refers to the disease process causing tooth damage.
– Decayed describes the state of the tooth after being affected by caries.
Example:
– A dentist might say, “This tooth has active caries,” indicating ongoing decay.
– They might later note, “The decayed portion needs removal,” referring to the damaged tissue.
In summary, caries is the cause, and decayed is the effect. While “decay” can be a general term for rotting, in dentistry, it specifically results from caries.
See lessWrite down the role of Kali iodatum in brain tumour.
Kali iodatum is a homeopathic remedy that is derived from iodide of potassium, a chemical compound that has been used in medicine for various purposes. Kali iodatum is indicated for brain tumour when the following symptoms are present: 1. Sadness and anxiety 2. Loss of memory 3. Impaired and slow spRead more
Kali iodatum is a homeopathic remedy that is derived from iodide of potassium, a chemical compound that has been used in medicine for various purposes. Kali iodatum is indicated for brain tumour when the following symptoms are present:
1. Sadness and anxiety
2. Loss of memory
3. Impaired and slow speech
4. Chronic vertigo
5. Persistent nervousness to speak
6. Confusion
7. Feeling of contraction of the scalp
8. Sensation of a cold spot on the forehead
9. Objects seem to whirl when walking
10. Dizziness on closing the eyes
11 Tiredness and fatigue
12. Hearing noises
13. Aversion to milk and meat
14. Fetid breath
15. Feeling as if the stomach is pressing against the spine
16. Violent coughing
17. Black-and-blue marks on skin
18. Sleeplessness and restlessness even when tired¹²
Kali iodatum is believed to act on the brain tissue and reduce the inflammation, swelling, and pressure caused by the tumour. It may also help in relieving the pain, headache, and neuralgia associated with brain tumour. Kali iodatum may also have a beneficial effect on the mental and emotional state of the patient, as it may calm the anxiety, sadness, confusion, and irritability caused by the tumour.
However, It is advisable to consult a qualified homeopath before taking kali iodatum or any other homeopathic remedy for brain tumour. Homeopathic treatment may have some side effects or risks, such as aggravation of symptoms, allergic reactions, or interactions with other medicines. Therefore, it is important to follow the instructions and guidance of the homeopath carefully.
See lessWhat are the types of repertory
A) Level. 1 (external formatting) 1. Book Repertories 2. Card Repertories 3. Software Packages B) Level. 2 (Internal formatting) Based on the internal formatting they are divided in: 1. Puritan group 2. Logical utilitarian group Puritan group – They are called so because the purity of the language oRead more
A) Level. 1 (external formatting)
1. Book Repertories
2. Card Repertories
3. Software Packages
B) Level. 2 (Internal formatting) Based on the internal formatting they are divided in:
1. Puritan group
2. Logical utilitarian group
Puritan group – They are called so because the purity of the language of the drug proving is maintained. They are used for the purpose of reference and not for systemic repertorisation. They help us to refer the symptoms without much variations in the language of the provers. Thes repertories are analogues to the index of the symptoms as they are presented in the materia medica.
Kneer repertory
Gentry’s repertory
logical utilitarian group – are called so because of their arrangement and their utility value, they have distinct principles of their own.
In this repertories the symptoms may not be found in the language of the materiamedica, but the symptoms change their forms to fit in to the arrangement of the repertories.
Eg. Kent’s repertory
Synthesis.
C) Level. 3 Group characteristics
The classification made on the basis of group characteristics is the most pragmatic one for selecting the repertory according to the demands of the case.
1. General repertories
Based on deductive logic
Eg. Kent’s repertory
Based on inductive logic
Eg. Therapeutic pocket book
Based on Clinical approach
Eg. Repertory to Homoeopathic MM by Oscar E Boerick
2. Regional repertories
Dealing with the organs
Eg. Berridges Repertory to Eye
Dealing with the system
Eg. Morgan’s repertory to urinary organs
3. Particular repertories
Dealing with particular states
Eg. Repertory to time modalities
Dealing with the particular diseased condition
Eg.Repertory of diarrhoea By Bell james
4. Alphabetical repertories
The symptoms are arranged in alphabetical order
Eg. Repertory to Homoeopathic MM By Pathak
5. Concordance repertories
Repertory of Concordance by Kneer
6. Comparative repertories
Comparative repertory of Hom.MM by Docks & Kockelenberg
7. Pathogenic repertory
Repertory to Cyclopedia of drug pathogenesy by Richard Huges
8. Reference repertories
Select your remedy by Biswamber das
9. Therapeutic digests
Raue’s special pathology & therapeutics
10. Card repertories
Kishore’s cards
11. Computer repertories
Cara,Radar,Hompath
GENERAL REPERTORIES
The general repertories are logical utilitarian repertories
Useful for individualization as desired by the principles of Homoeopathy
They facilitate the adapt ion of general symptom for repertorisation.
3 major groups
1. Based on deductive logic
Here the generals are given prime importance, then follows characteristics particulars. The analysis of the case for these repertories is also based on the premise of the deductive logic, where the generals symptoms are given higher ranking than the particular symptoms.
Eg. Kent’s repertory, Synthesis
Synthetic repertory also adopted the principles of deductive logic but do not included particular symptoms, it deals exclusively with particular symptoms.
2. Based on inductive logic
Means from particulars to generals
In these repertories the different elements of a symptom like location sensation modality & concomitants can be brought together on the basis of certain constants & and a general symptom can be constructed .The resulting general symptom is called a Synthetic general
When there is a particular sensation that is expressed at more than two location at any given time, the sensation can be elevated to the level of a general symptom, provided the modalities remain the same for all the locations expressing that sensation. If a concomitant is also present the generalization become stronger
Eg. TPB is based on doctrine of analogy & concomitant Boger’s repertory operates on complete symptom Synoptic key by Boger give important to pathological generals
3.Clinical repertories
These repertories have many clinical rubrics under different systems, and the medicines are given against the name of the disease.
As in the general repertories the clinical repertories also cover the therapeutic information for the whole of the organism & come under logical utilitarian group.
The construction of these repertories affords the flexibility of adopting either the deductive or inductive logic at any given time, and highly useful when there is a significant amount of clinical data available in a case.
Eg. Clinical repertory by J.H.Clark
The prescriber by J.H.Clark
!!. Regional repertories
Regional repertories mainly focus on the information relevant to a particular system or a region. They are mainly used for reference purposes, not for individualisation, but having the advantage of elaborating on a particular theme witha high degree of specificity.
Eg. Berridg’s eye
Morgan’s urinary organs
iii. Particular repertories
These repertories are based on clinical orientation, focused on certain particular states or particular diseased condition. The specific state may be a modifying factor. This repertories also affords a high degree of specification in the particular area.
Eg. Time modalities by Shedd.P.V
Diarrhoea by Bell james
iv. Alphabetical repertories
The symptoms in this repertories are arranged in a alphabetical order. This repertories are qualifying as general repertories to a reference book.
Eg. General alphabetical repertories
Murphy’s repertory
Pathak repertory
Clinical alphabetical repertories
The presciber by Clark
Reference repertories
Highlights of Homoeopathic practice by T.P.Chatterjee
V. Concordance repertories
Word meaning In agreement or In harmony
OR
An index of words or passages of a book or an author
Here the medicine is analyzed for its relationship with other medicines at different levels and at different spheres.
Logical utilitarian repertories are popular as repertories and the puritan repertories are known as Concordance repertories or Concordances.
These repertories are comprised of mainly of the symptoms in the language of the provers, the whole symptoms expressed by the patient may be obtained as a single unit in these books. The demerit is that the search is very difficult & time consuming.
VI. Comparative repertoris
This is one of the latest repertories, which is aimed to assist the user in differentiating the medicines with in the rubric, often this save the labor of consulting the materia medica for the differential references.
This repertory is a beginning of a movement for improving the service of repertory use. The comparative repertory is deficient in data, because all the remedies are not compared and differentiated.
Eg. Comparative repertory by Docks & Kockelenberg.
V11. Pathogenic repertories
This is an index to the symptoms as presented during the drug proving. This repertory is useful when the pathological changes form the only available database in a case.
Also useful in case where the differentiation of the medicines and prescription of the appropriate remedy has to be made only on the basis of the objective symptoms.
In concordance repertories the symptoms are written in the language of the provers _ the verbal expression.
But in the pathogenic repertories the expression at the level of altered physiological phenomena & the pathological process are explained.
Eg. Repertory of drug pathogenesy By Richard Huges.
VII. Reference repertories
These are not repertories in strict sense, but these books are handy for prescribing in acute cases and in cases with insufficient data.
They are used as ready recokners for assessing the information about a symptom or a condition with certain constant features.
Eg. Qiuck bed side presciber by Singhal
V111. Therapeutic digests
See lessThese are miniature versions of repertories and deals mainly with a particular clinical condition.
Eg. Raue’s Special pathology & therapeutic hints.
Write the rules of blood transfusion.
A. Equipment: The suggested equipment required for a blood transfusion includes the following: (Blood components or whole blood could be provided through various central venous access devices or peripheral intravenous catheters. The following sizes should be considered): 1. 20-22 gauge for routine tRead more
A. Equipment:
The suggested equipment required for a blood transfusion includes the following: (Blood components or whole blood could be provided through various central venous access devices or peripheral intravenous catheters. The following sizes should be considered):
1. 20-22 gauge for routine transfusion in adults
2. 16-18 gauge for rapid transfusion in adults
3. 22-25 gauge for pediatrics
4. The requirements for administration sets might vary
5. Blood filters
6. The administration of platelet-poor plasmas requires supplies that often differ by product and brand.
Infusion devices, such as infusion pumps, blood warmers, rapid infusers, and pressure devices, can be used to transfuse blood components.
7. A pressure infusion device may be needed for the rapid transfusion of blood components.
8. A blood warmer device is often needed to prevent hypothermia in the rapid administration of cold-blood components, for instance, in trauma settings or operation theatres.
B) Personnel:
Two providers should verify blood products before administering, and patients should be monitored during transfusion by qualified personnel. Blood transfusions can be carried out by various healthcare providers, such as registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses, or licensed practical nurses. Nurses usually perform this task on the advice of a physician. Regarding blood transfusion training requirements, most professionals, such as registered nurses and licensed vocational nurses, learn how to carry blood transfusions through medical training and educational programs.
C) Preparation:
The following is the list of important steps to follow before proceeding with blood transfusion:
**Find Current Type and Crossmatch:
1. Take a blood sample, which lasts up to 72 hours
2. Send the sample to the blood bank
3. Ensure that the blood sample has the correct labeling with the date and timing
4. Wait for the blood bank to crossmatch and prepare the needed units
5. Obtain Informed Consent and Health History.
**Discuss the procedure with the patient:
1. Confirm the past medical history and any allergies
2. The supervising provider should have obtained signed consent from the patient
3. Obtain Large-bore Intravenous Access
**This is 18 gauge or larger IV access:
1. Each unit should be transfused within 2-4 hours
2. A second IV access should be secured in case the patient needs additional IV medications
3. Normal saline is the only fluid that can be administered with blood products
**Assemble Supplies:
1. Y tubing with an in-line filter
2. 0.9% NaCl solution
3. Blood warmer
4. Obtain Baseline Vital Signs
5. These include heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, pulse oximeter, and respiratory rate
6. Respiratory sounds and urine output should also be documented
7. Notify the provider if the temperature is more than 100 F
**Obtain Blood from the Blood Bank:
1. Once the blood bank notifies that the blood is ready, its delivery from the blood bank should be ensured
2. Packed red blood cells can only be given one unit at a time
3. Once the blood has been released for the patient, there are 20-30 minutes to begin the transfusion and up to four hours to complete it.
D) Technique or Treatment: (Here are some of the general steps providers should follow when carrying out a blood transfusion):
1. Verify Blood Product
See less2. Relay the features of a transfusion reaction to the patient. The patient should inform the nursing staff during the transfusion if these appear.
3. Baseline vital signs, lung sounds, urine output, and skin color
4. Prepare the Y tubing with 0.9% NaCl and have the blood unit ready in an infusion pump
5. The blood should be run slowly for the first fifteen minutes, for instance, 2 ml/min or 120 ml/hr
6. Staff should be supervising the patient for the first fifteen minutes as this is when most transfusion reactions happen
7. The rate of transfusion can be increased after this period if the patient is stable and does not display any signs of a transfusion reaction
8. Document vital signs after fifteen minutes, then every hour, and finally, at the end of the transfusion
9. During the transfusion, look for any signs of transfusion reactions
10. If a reaction is suspected, stop the transfusion immediately
11. Disconnect the blood tubing from the patient
12. Inform the provider, stay with the patient and assess the status
13. Document everything
14. After the transfusion, flush Y tubing with normal saline and dispose of used Y tubing in the biohazard bin
15. Obtain post-transfusion vital signs
16. After the procedure, some patients could experience soreness at the puncture site, but this should dissipate quickly.
Difference between infusion & transfusion.
Infusion and transfusion are two processes of transferring substances to the blood. The main difference between the two is that infusion is the transfer of a substance to the blood, altering the state of blood, whereas transfusion is the transfer of a substance to the blood without altering the statRead more
Infusion and transfusion are two processes of transferring substances to the blood. The main difference between the two is that infusion is the transfer of a substance to the blood, altering the state of blood, whereas transfusion is the transfer of a substance to the blood without altering the state of blood.
Infusion is a therapy that can be received through a needle or catheter. It is important when there is no capable oral therapy. Infusion therapy is taken intravenously, epidurally, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. The main importance of infusion therapy includes hydration or quick delivery of medications. Other substances used in infusion therapy include antibiotics, antiemetics, antifungals, antivirals, biologics, blood factors, chemotherapy, corticosteroids, growth hormones, immunoglobulin replacement, immunotherapy, and inotropic heart medications.
On the other hand, transfusion is the process of receiving blood and blood products intravenously. It can replace the lost components of the blood and can be used in various medical conditions. It is potentially a life-saving process that can replace blood during surgery or injury. The blood components that can be transfused include red cells, white cells, plasma, and platelets.
See lessWhat is ovulation?
Release of a mature egg from one of the ovaries every month when hormones give trigger an ovary to release an egg.
Release of a mature egg from one of the ovaries every month when hormones give trigger an ovary to release an egg.
See lessWhat is tonsilliti?
Inflammation of the tonsils. It is a type of pharyngitis.
Inflammation of the tonsils. It is a type of pharyngitis.
See lessWhat is intrauterine contraceptive device?
Also known as the intrauterine device. It is a coil, small or T shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
Also known as the intrauterine device. It is a coil, small or T shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
See lessWhat're the responsible factor for glossitis?
Responsible factors for glossitis are: 1. Iron deficiency anemia. 2. GIT Hemorrhage. 3. Oral ulcer. 4. Cheilosis. 5. Sideropeninc dysphagia. 6. Pernicious anemia. 7. Megaloblastic anemia. 8. Thiamin deficiency. 9. Vitamin B2 deficiency. 10. Vitamin B3 deficiency. 11. Pyridoxine deficiency. 12. FolatRead more
Responsible factors for glossitis are:
See less1. Iron deficiency anemia.
2. GIT Hemorrhage.
3. Oral ulcer.
4. Cheilosis.
5. Sideropeninc dysphagia.
6. Pernicious anemia.
7. Megaloblastic anemia.
8. Thiamin deficiency.
9. Vitamin B2 deficiency.
10. Vitamin B3 deficiency.
11. Pyridoxine deficiency.
12. Folate deficiency.
13. Vitamin B12 deficiency.
14. Chronic candidiasis.
15. Tertiary stage of Syphilis.
16. Alcoholism.
17. Crohn’s diseases.
18. Whipple diseases.
19. Glucagonoma syndrome.
20. Cowden diseases.
21. AIDS.
22. Carcinoid syndrome.
23. Kwashiorkor amyloidosis.
24. Veganism.
25. Poor hydration.
26. Mechanical injury & irritation.
27. Tongue piercing.
28. Tobacco.
29. Hot & spice food.
30. Allergic reaction to the toothbrush, toothpaste & mouthwash.
31. Ganglion blocker.
32. Oral lichen planus.
33. Erythema multiforme.
34. Aphthous ulcer.
35. Pemphigus Vulgaris.
36. Heredity.
37. Bronchodilator medicine.
How to sure which action done by bryonia where bryonia is the complementary & also inimical to rhus tox?
The relation between Bryonia alba & Rhustox: 1. Bryonia antidoted by Rhustiox. 2. Rhustox antidoted by Bryonia. 3. Follows well each other. 4. Rhustox complementary of Bryonia. 5. Rhustox compatible Bryonia. So, it's better to follow the strict similimum during the first & second or follow-uRead more
The relation between Bryonia alba & Rhustox:
See less1. Bryonia antidoted by Rhustiox.
2. Rhustox antidoted by Bryonia.
3. Follows well each other.
4. Rhustox complementary of Bryonia.
5. Rhustox compatible Bryonia.
So, it’s better to follow the strict similimum during the first & second or follow-up prescription. You can prescribe Bryonia after Rhustox or Rhustox after Bryonia, when first remedy fulfill his work and no contraindication to antidote the action of previous remedy. Because the boath remedy antidot each other. If during medication Bryonia after Rhustox or Rhustox after brynia, the previous symptoms may recurs again. Your previous remedy may antidote by second and the exact field of the stage of the previous remedy not completed by the previous remedy.