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What is bacterial spore?
Bacterial spores are highly resistant, dormant structures (i.e. no metabolic activity) formed in response to adverse environmental conditions. They help in the survival of the organisms during adverse environmental conditions; they do not have a role in reproduction. Spore formation (sporulation) ocRead more
Bacterial spores are highly resistant, dormant structures (i.e. no metabolic activity) formed in response to adverse environmental conditions. They help in the survival of the organisms during adverse environmental conditions; they do not have a role in reproduction.
Spore formation (sporulation) occurs when nutrients, such as sources of carbon and nitrogen are depleted. Bacterial spores are highly resistant to
Heat
Dehydration
Radiation and
Chemicals.
Structure of Bacterial Spore:
See lessAn endospore is structurally and chemically more complex than the vegetative cell. It contains more layers than vegetative cells. The resistance of Bacterial spore may be mediated by dipicolinic acid, a calcium ion chelator found only in spores. When the favorable condition prevail, (i.e. availability of water, appropriate nutrients) spores germination occurs which forms vegetative cells of pathogenic bacteria.
What is bacteria?
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. Bacteria are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spiraRead more
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. Bacteria are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean, and inside the human gut.
See lessWhat are the different types of mycobacterium?
Slowly growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include: M. africanum M. bovis M. bovis BCG M. canetti M. caprae M. microti M. mungi M. orygis M. pinnipedii M. suricattae M. tuberculosis, the major causeRead more
Slowly growing
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:
M. africanum
M. bovis
M. bovis BCG
M. canetti
M. caprae
M. microti
M. mungi
M. orygis
M. pinnipedii
M. suricattae
M. tuberculosis, the major cause of human tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium complex
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of species that, in a disseminated infection but not lung infection, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients. Species in this complex include:
M. avium
M. avium paratuberculosis, which has been implicated in Crohn’s disease in humans and is the causative agent of Johne’s disease in cattle and sheep
M. avium silvaticum
M. avium “hominissuis”
M. colombiense
M. indicus pranii
M. intracellulare
Mycobacterium gordonae clade
M. asiaticum
M. gordonae
Mycobacterium kansasii clade
M. gastri
M. kansasii
Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade
M. hiberniae
M. icosiumassiliensis
M. nonchromogenicum
M. terrae
M. triviale
Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria
M. ulcerans, which causes the “Buruli”, or “Bairnsdale” ulcer
M. pseudoshottsii
M. shottsii
Mycobacterium simiae clade
M. florentinum
M. genavense
M. heidelbergense
M. interjectum
M. kubicae
M. lentiflavum
M. montefiorense
M. palustre
M. parascrofulaceum
M. simiae
M. triplex
Ungrouped
M. arabiense
M. aromaticivorans
M. aquaticum
M. bacteremicum
M. bohemicum
M. botniense
M. branderi
M. celatum
M. chimaera
M. conspicuum
M. cookii
M. doricum
M. farcinogenes
M. haemophilum
M. heckeshornense
M. intracellulare
M. lacus
M. leprae, which causes leprosy
M. lepraemurium
M. lepromatosis, another (less significant) cause of leprosy, described in 2008
M. liflandii
M. llatzerense
M. malmoense
M. marinum, causes a rare disease called Aquarium granuloma.
M. neoaurum
M. monacense
M. murale
M. nebraskense
M. saskatchewanense
M. sediminis
M. scrofulaceum
M. shimoidei
M. szulgai
Mycobacterium talmoniae
M. tusciae
M. xenopi
M. yongonense
Intermediate growth rate
M. intermedium
Rapidly growing
Mycobacterium abscessus clade
M. abscessus
M. bolletii
M. massiliense
Together they are known as the M. abscessus complex
Mycobacterium chelonae clade
See lessM. chelonae
M. immunogenum
M. stephanolepidis
Mycobacterium fortuitum clade
M. boenickei
M. brisbanense
M. cosmeticum
M. fortuitum
M. fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
M. houstonense
M. mageritense
M. neworleansense
M. peregrinum
M. porcinum
M. senegalense
M. septicum
Mycobacterium mucogenicum clade
Mycobacterium aubagnese
M. mucogenicum
Mycobacterium phocaicum
Mycobacterium parafortuitum clade
M. austroafricanum
M. diernhoferi
M. frederiksbergense
M. hodleri
M. neoaurum
M. parafortuitum
Mycobacterium vaccae clade
M. aurum
M. vaccae
CF (Cystic Fibrosis)
M. chitae
M. fallax
Ungrouped
M. agri
M. aichiense
M. alvei
M. arupense
M. barrassiae
M. brumae
M. canariasense
M. chubuense
M. conceptionense
M. confluentis
M. duvalii
M. elephantis
M. flavescens
M. gadium
M. gilvum
M. hassiacum
M. holsaticum
M. iranicum
M. komossense
M. madagascariense
M. massilipolynesiensis
M. moriokaense
M. obuense
M. phlei
M. psychrotolerans
M. pulveris
M. pyrenivorans
M. smegmatis
M. goodii
M. wolinskyi
M. sphagni
M. thermoresistibile
M. vanbaalenii
Ungrouped
M. arosiense
M. aubagnense
M. chlorophenolicum
M. fluoroanthenivorans
M. kumamotonense
M. novocastrense
M. parmense
M. poriferae
M. rhodesiae
M. seoulense
M. tokaiense
What is gram positive bacilli?
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope. This is because the thick peptidoglycan laRead more
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test.
See lessGram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope. This is because the thick peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample, in the decolorization stage of the test.
What are the different organism causes diptheria?
Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make a toxin (poison). It is the toxin that can cause people to get very sick.
Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make a toxin (poison). It is the toxin that can cause people to get very sick.
See lessWhat are the complication of diphtheria?
1. Airway blockage 2. Damage to the heart muscle (myocarditis) 3. Nerve damage (polyneuropathy) 4. Loss of the ability to move (paralysis) 5. Kidney failure
1. Airway blockage
See less2. Damage to the heart muscle (myocarditis)
3. Nerve damage (polyneuropathy)
4. Loss of the ability to move (paralysis)
5. Kidney failure
What is clostridium?
Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus.
Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus.
See lessWhat are the different species of clostridium?
Clostridium contains around 250 species that include common free-living bacteria, as well as important pathogens. The main species responsible for disease in humans are: 1. Clostridium botulinum can produce botulinum toxin in food or wounds and can cause botulism. This same toxin is known as Botox aRead more
Clostridium contains around 250 species that include common free-living bacteria, as well as important pathogens. The main species responsible for disease in humans are:
1. Clostridium botulinum can produce botulinum toxin in food or wounds and can cause botulism. This same toxin is known as Botox and is used in cosmetic surgery to paralyze facial muscles to reduce the signs of aging; it also has numerous other therapeutic uses.
See less2. Clostridium perfringens causes a wide range of symptoms, from food poisoning to cellulitis, fasciitis, necrotic enteritis and gas gangrene.
3. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus.
4. Clostridium sordellii (now Paeniclostridium) can cause a fatal infection in exceptionally rare cases after medical abortions.
What are the clinical features of tetanus?
Tetanus affects the nerves that control your muscles, which can lead to difficulty swallowing. You may also experience spasms and stiffness in various muscles, especially those in your jaw, abdomen, chest, back, and neck. The incubation period — the time between exposure to the bacteria and the onseRead more
Tetanus affects the nerves that control your muscles, which can lead to difficulty swallowing. You may also experience spasms and stiffness in various muscles, especially those in your jaw, abdomen, chest, back, and neck.
The incubation period — the time between exposure to the bacteria and the onset of illness — is between 3 and 21 days. Symptoms typically appear within 14 daysTrusted Source of initial infection. Infections that occur faster after exposure are typically more severe and have a worse prognosis.
Other common tetanus symptoms are:
fast heart rate
See lessfever
sweating
high blood pressure
What are the causative organism of Gas Gangrene?
Gas gangrene is most commonly caused by the Clostridium perfringens bacterium. In some cases, it may be caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria.
Gas gangrene is most commonly caused by the Clostridium perfringens bacterium. In some cases, it may be caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria.
See less