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What are the surgical methods of contraception?
Surgical procedures for family planning include: 1. Tubal ligation for female sterilization, and 2. Vasectomy for male sterilization.
Surgical procedures for family planning include:
1. Tubal ligation for female sterilization, and
See less2. Vasectomy for male sterilization.
What are the aim and objective of antenatal care?
A) Aims of antenatal care are: 1. to monitor the progress of pregnancy in order to ensure maternal health and normal fetal development. 2. to recognise the deviation from the normal and provide management or treatment as required. 3. to ensure that the woman reaches the end of her pregnancy physicalRead more
A) Aims of antenatal care are:
1. to monitor the progress of pregnancy in order to ensure maternal health and normal fetal development.
2. to recognise the deviation from the normal and provide management or treatment as required.
3. to ensure that the woman reaches the end of her pregnancy physically and emotionally prepared for her delivery.
4. to identify high risk pregnancy and for their proper management.
5. to reduce or prevent maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity
6. to help and support the mother in breast feeding and parenting.
7. to offer family welfare advices on parenthood.
B) The objective of Antenatal Care:
Antenatal-care refers to the care of pregnant women. The main objectives of antenatal-care are:
Maintenance of health of the mother during pregnancy.
See lessPromote physical, mental, and social well being of mother and child.
Ensure delivery of a full-term healthy baby.
Early detection of high-risk cases and minimize risks by taking appropriate management.
Prevent the development of complications through health education, adequate nutrition, exercise, vitamin intake, and appropriate medical and pharmaceutical intervention.
Screening for conditions and diseases such as anemia, STIs, HIV infection, mental health problems, and domestic violence.
Teach the mother about child care, nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene.
Decrease maternal and infant mortality and morbidity.
Remove the stress and worries of the mother regarding the delivery process.
Provide safe delivery for mother and educate mother about the physiology of pregnancy and labor by demonstrations, charts, and diagrams so that fear is removed and physiology improved.
Advice family planning and motive the couple about the need for family planning.
Predict possible problems during pregnancy and provide appropriate treatment.
Provide information on pregnancy and birth and discuss with the couple about the place, time, and mode of the delivery provisionally and care of the newborn.
Ensure continued medical surveillance and prophylaxis.
Advice the mother about breastfeeding, postnatal care, and immunization.
Advice and support to the woman and her family for developing healthy home behaviors.
What are the different visits of antenatal care?
WHO recommends a minimum of four antenatal visits based on a review of the effectiveness of different models of antenatal care. WHO guidelines are specific on the content of antenatal care visits, which should include: 1. Blood pressure measurement. 2. Urine testing for bacteriuria and proteinuria.Read more
WHO recommends a minimum of four antenatal visits based on a review of the effectiveness of different models of antenatal care. WHO guidelines are specific on the content of antenatal care visits, which should include:
1. Blood pressure measurement.
See less2. Urine testing for bacteriuria and proteinuria.
3. Blood testing to detect syphilis and severe anaemia.
4. Weight/height measurement (optional).
What are the types of protozoa?
Protozoa are divided into four major groups based on the structure and the part involved in the locomotion: 1. Mastigophora or Flagellated protozoans: They are parasites or free-living. They have flagella for locomotion Their body is covered by a cuticle or pellicle Freshwater forms have a contractiRead more
Protozoa are divided into four major groups based on the structure and the part involved in the locomotion:
1. Mastigophora or Flagellated protozoans:
They are parasites or free-living.
They have flagella for locomotion
Their body is covered by a cuticle or pellicle
Freshwater forms have a contractile vacuole
Reproduction is by binary fission (longitudinal division)
Examples: Trypanosoma, Trichomonas, Giardia, Leishmania, etc.
2. Sarcodina or Amoeboids:
They live in the freshwater, sea or moist soil.
The movement is by pseudopodia. They capture their prey by pseudopodia
There is no definite shape and pellicle is absent
The contractile vacuole is present in the amoeboids living in freshwater
Reproduction is by binary fission and cyst formation
Examples: Amoeba, Entamoeba, etc.
3. Sporozoa or Sporozoans:
They are endoparasitic.
They don’t have any specialised organ for locomotion
The pellicle is present, which has subpellicular microtubules, that help in movement
Reproduction is by sporozoite formation
Examples: Plasmodium, Myxidium, Nosema, Globidium, etc.
4. Ciliophora or Ciliated protozoans:
See lessThey are aquatic and move actively with the help of thousands of cilia.
They have fixed shape due to covering of pellicle
They may have tentacles, e.g. in the sub-class Suctoria
Contractile vacuoles are present
Some species have an organ for defence called trichocysts
They move with the help of cilia and the movement of cilia also helps in taking food inside the gullet
They reproduce by transverse division and also form cysts
Examples: Paramecium, Vorticella, Balantidium, etc.
What are the different types of host?
There are two types of host: 1. Definitive, and 2. Intermediate host.
There are two types of host:
See less1. Definitive, and
2. Intermediate host.
What are the different types of parasite?
There are three types of human parasites: 1. Protozoa: Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can multiply in humans. These parasites can spread through contaminated food and water, person-to-person contact, and insect bites. Protozoa include Plasmodium malariae, which causes malaria infection, aRead more
There are three types of human parasites:
1. Protozoa: Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can multiply in humans. These parasites can spread through contaminated food and water, person-to-person contact, and insect bites. Protozoa include Plasmodium malariae, which causes malaria infection, and Cryptosporidium, which is ingestible.
2. Helminths: Helminths are parasitic worms that often root in a person’s digestive tract. These parasites cannot multiply or divide within a human body and eventually pass through a person’s stool. These include Ascaris lumbricoidesTrusted Source and hookwormTrusted Source parasites.
3. Ectoparasites: Ectoparasites are small organisms that live on the outside of the body. These include ticks, fleas, and lice.
See lessWhat is streptococcus?
Streptococcus is a genus of gram-positive coccus or spherical bacteria that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales, in the phylum Bacillota. Cell division in streptococci occurs along a single axis, so as they grow, they tend to form pairs or chains that may appearRead more
Streptococcus is a genus of gram-positive coccus or spherical bacteria that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales, in the phylum Bacillota. Cell division in streptococci occurs along a single axis, so as they grow, they tend to form pairs or chains that may appear bent or twisted.
See lessWhat are the species of salmonella?
Salmonella is a gram negative rods genus belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Within 2 species, Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica, over 2500 different serotypes or serovars have been identified to date.
Salmonella is a gram negative rods genus belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Within 2 species, Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica, over 2500 different serotypes or serovars have been identified to date.
See lessWhat are the different types of fungi?
Types of Fungi: There are five phyla of fungi: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. The following is a brief description of each phylum: 1. Chytridiomycota: Chytrids, the organisms found in Chytridiomycota, are usually aquatic and microscopic. They are usually aRead more
Types of Fungi: There are five phyla of fungi: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
The following is a brief description of each phylum:
1. Chytridiomycota: Chytrids, the organisms found in Chytridiomycota, are usually aquatic and microscopic. They are usually asexual, and produce spores that move around using flagella, small tail-like appendages. The chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis can cause a fungal infection in frogs by burrowing under their skin, and it has recently devastated populations of harlequin frogs, killing off two-thirds of them in Central and South America.
2. Zygomycota: Zygomycetes are mainly terrestrial and feed off of plant detritus or decaying animal material. They also cause problems by growing on human food sources. One example of a zygomycte is Rhizopus stolonifer, a bread mold. The hyphae of zygomycetes are not separated by septa, making their mycelia essentially one large cell with many nuclei. They usually reproduce asexually, through spores.
3. Glomeromycota: Glomeromycetes make up half of all fungi found in soil, and they often form mycorrhizae with plants; in fact, 80-90 percent of all land plants develop mycorrhizae with glomeromycetes. The fungi obtain sugars from the plant, and in return, dissolve minerals in the soil to provide the plant with nutrients. These fungi also reproduce asexually.
4. Ascomycota: Ascomycetes are often pathogens of plants and animals, including humans, in which they are responsible for infections like athlete’s foot, ringworm, and ergotism, which causes vomiting, convulsions, hallucinations, and sometimes even death. However, some ascomycetes normally are found inside humans, such as Candida albicans, a yeast which lives in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and female reproductive tracts. Ascomycetes have reproductive sacs known as asci, which produce sexual spores, but they also reproduce asexually.
5. Basidiomycota: Like ascomycetes, basidiomycetes also produce sexual spores called basidiospores in cells called basidia. Basidia are usually club-shaped, and basidiomycetes are also known as club fungi. Most basidiocytes reproduce sexually. Mushrooms are a common example of basidiomycetes.
See lessWhat are the different types of sinusitis?
There are three types of sinusitis: 1. Acute sinusitis is when symptoms are present for 4 weeks or less. 2. Subacute sinusitis is when the swelling is present between one and three months. 3. Chronic sinusitis is when the swelling of the sinuses is present for longer than 3 months.
There are three types of sinusitis:
1. Acute sinusitis is when symptoms are present for 4 weeks or less.
2. Subacute sinusitis is when the swelling is present between one and three months.
3. Chronic sinusitis is when the swelling of the sinuses is present for longer than 3 months.
See less