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What is PKDL?
Post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a well-recognized complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar. It has been described since the beginning of the 20th century both in Asia and Africa, in areas where Leishmania donovani is the causative parasite.
Post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a well-recognized complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar. It has been described since the beginning of the 20th century both in Asia and Africa, in areas where Leishmania donovani is the causative parasite.
See lessWhat are the common causes of polyuria?
Things that can cause you to make too much urine include: 1. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 2. Diabetes insipidus. 3. Pregnancy. 4. Kidney disease or failure. 5. Liver disease. 6. Cushing's syndrome. 7. Hypercalcemia. 8. Hypercalcemia. 9. Medications. Different drugs can lead to polyuria: Calcium channRead more
Things that can cause you to make too much urine include:
1. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
See less2. Diabetes insipidus.
3. Pregnancy.
4. Kidney disease or failure.
5. Liver disease.
6. Cushing’s syndrome.
7. Hypercalcemia.
8. Hypercalcemia.
9. Medications. Different drugs can lead to polyuria: Calcium channel blockers. Diuretics. Lithium. SSRIs. Tetracycline. Demeclocycline, a form of this antibiotic.
10. Alcohol.
11. Caffeine.
What is polyuria?
Polyuria has generally been defined as a urine output exceeding 3 L/day in adults and 2 L/m2 in children.
Polyuria has generally been defined as a urine output exceeding 3 L/day in adults and 2 L/m2 in children.
See lessWhat is corynebacterium?
Corynebacterium is a genus of bacteria that are Gram-positive and most are aerobic. They are bacilli (rod-shaped), and in some phases of life they are, more specifically, club-shaped, which inspired the genus name (coryneform means "club-shaped").
Corynebacterium is a genus of bacteria that are Gram-positive and most are aerobic. They are bacilli (rod-shaped), and in some phases of life they are, more specifically, club-shaped, which inspired the genus name (coryneform means “club-shaped”).
See lessWhat are the synonym of corynebacterium diptheriae?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs–Löffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs (1834–1912) and Friedrich Löffler (1852–1915).
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs–Löffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs (1834–1912) and Friedrich Löffler (1852–1915).
See lessWhat are the synonyms of clostridium perfringes?
Clostridium perfringens (formerly known as C. welchii, or Bacillus welchii)
Clostridium perfringens (formerly known as C. welchii, or Bacillus welchii)
See lessWhat are the health care delivery system in B.D?
Bangladesh healthcare systems are mentioned below: 1. In Ward Level: -Community Clinic, -Family Welfare Centre (FWC). Manpower: -Family Welfare Visitor (FWV), -Family Welfare Assistants (FWAs), - Medical Assistant (MAs), -Skill Birth Attendance (SBA), -Village Health Volunteer (VHV), -Community MidwRead more
Bangladesh healthcare systems are mentioned below:
1. In Ward Level:
-Community Clinic,
-Family Welfare Centre (FWC).
Manpower:
-Family Welfare Visitor (FWV),
-Family Welfare Assistants (FWAs),
– Medical Assistant (MAs),
-Skill Birth Attendance (SBA),
-Village Health Volunteer (VHV),
-Community Midwife (CMW).
Services:
-Establishing referral linkage with higher facilities,
-Family planning,
-EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization),
-Primary health care,
-Oral rehydration therapy,
-Sanitation,
-Nutrition.
Role and Activities:
-Creating awareness going door to door,
-Immediate refer system,
-Home visit of pregnant women,
Normal delivery conduct.
2. In Union Level:
-Family welfare center (FWC),
-Community clinic,
-Union sub-center,
-Rural dispensary.
Manpower:
-MBBS doctor,
-Medical assistant,
-Nurse,
-Word boy or patient care attendance.
Services:
-Maternal and neonatal health care services,
-Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI),
-Reproductive Health and FP services,
-Registration of newly married women, pregnant women,
-Birth & death, preservation of EDD (Expected Date of Delivery),
-Nutritional education and micro-nutrient supplements,
-Health, Nutrition and FP Education & counseling,
-EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization),
-Delivery conduct,
-Primary health care,
-Outpatient service for injuries, wound, and minor alignment,
-Identifications of emergency & complicated cases & refer to higher facilities,
-Treatment of Common diseases & first aid.
Role and Activities:
-Immediate refer system,
-Home visit,
-Create awareness and monthly meeting with union council,
-Delivery of some essential drugs.
3. In Upazilla Level:
-Upazilla Health Complex (UHC),
-TB Clinic.
Manpower:
-Upazilla health family planning officer(UHFPO),
-Maternal child welfare officer(MCWO),
-Consultant doctor,
-Residential medical officers (RMO),
-Medical officers (MO),
-Nurse,
-Laboratory technician,
-Pharmacist,
-Traditionally trained birth attendance,
-Family panning officers.
Services:
-Comprehensive emergency obstetric care,
-Facilitate services of gynecology, anesthesia,
-Nursing service and basic laboratory facilities,
-Admission and discharge,
-General health problem treatment,
-Normal Delivery conduct,
-Cesarean delivery,
-TB treatment,
-Leprosy treatment,
-Maternal child care,
-EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization),
-Family planning.
Role and Activities:
-Trained union-level health care staff,
-Create awareness,
-Referral system,
-Control communicable disease,
-Pre-service education,
-Health education and health promotion.
4. In District Level:
-District hospital with the nursing institute,
-General hospital,
-Medical college with the nursing institute,
-Chest disease clinic,
-Leprosy clinic,
-Medical assistant training institute,
-Private clinic.
Manpower:
-Civil Surgeon,
-Consultant doctor,
-RMOs (Residential Medical Officers),
-MOS (Medical Officers),
-Superintendent of drugs,
-Family Planning supervisor,
-Public health nurse,
-FPO (Family Planning Officer),
-EPI supervisor,
-MCW officer,
-Pharmacist,
-Technicians,
-Recordkeeper.
Services:
-All general healthcare,
-Operative care,
-Rehabilitation center,
-Support to Upazila health complex,
-Supplements materials to UHC,
-Co-ordination with all health care center,
-Training of health care personnel and Capacity building,
-Nursing education and service,
-Hospital service management and safe blood transfusion.
Role and Activities:
-Development and administration of care service at the district level,
-Specialist, diagnostic and laboratory service,
-Strengthening of drug administration and management,
-Training, research, and development,
-Referral system.
5. In Divisional Level:
-Medical College and Hospital, with Nursing Institute,
-General Hospital with Nursing Institute,
-Infectious Disease Hospital,
-Institute of Health Technology.
Manpower:
-Divisional director,
-Civil surgeon,
-Consultant doctor,
-Resister medical officers,
-RMOs,
-MOs,
-Superintendent of drugs,
-Family Planning supervisor,
-Public health nurse,
-FPO,
-EPI supervisor,
-MCW officer,
-Pharmacist,
-Technicians,
-Recordkeeper.
Services:
-Provide care of all complicated disease,
-Rehabilitation care,
-Training, research, and development,
-Provide care of infectious and communicable disease,
-Ensure nursing care.
Role and Activities:
-Responsible for policy formulation and decision making in health care sectors.
-Planning and implementation of programs and projects and technical guidance to the health sector.
6. At National level:
-Public health institute,
-Postgraduate medical institute and hospital with the nursing institute,
-Specialized health institute.
Manpower:
-Director of the institute,
-The principal of the medical college,
-Consultant doctor,
-Registered medical officer,
-RMOs,
-MOs,
-Public health nurse,
-Recordkeeper.
Services:
See less-Facilitate opportunity for higher education,
Provide super-specialty care.
What are the modes of transmission of diseases?
Diseases or infections are transmitted in many ways. It may be directly transmitted from one person to another, or by certain bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi. There are two different modes of transmission of diseases: A) Direct Transmission– This occurs when the pathogen is transmitted directlRead more
Diseases or infections are transmitted in many ways. It may be directly transmitted from one person to another, or by certain bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi. There are two different modes of transmission of diseases:
A) Direct Transmission– This occurs when the pathogen is transmitted directly from an infected person. For eg., if an open wound comes in contact with the blood of a Hepatitis B infected patient, the wounded person might contract the disease.
B) Indirect Transmission- When the pathogens are not transmitted directly from the infected person but through vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, ticks, dogs, etc., it is known as indirect transmission.
Disease Transmission:
A) Direct Transmission
1. Person to Person: When an infected person comes in contact with or exchanges body fluids with a non-infected person. A mother can transmit infections to the unborn child via the placenta. A sexually transmitted disease such as gonorrhoea can be transmitted by direct transmission.
2. Droplet Transmission: The droplets spread during sneezing, speaking, and coughing by an infected person can spread infections. The infections can also spread by touching the nose and mouth with the hands contaminated with infectious droplets. The droplets are so minute that they travel only a short distance before falling. The people nearby might contract infections.
3. Spread by skin: There are a few infections such as chickenpox, conjunctivitis, head lice, ringworm, etc., which spread when the skin of an infected person comes in contact with the skin of the other person.
4. Spread through body fluids or blood: A few diseases spread when the body fluids or blood of an infected person come in contact with the mucous membrane or bloodstream of an uninfected person. Diseases such as hepatitis, HIV, cytomegalovirus infections, etc. spread through semen and vaginal fluids, saliva, breastmilk, urine, etc.
B) Indirect Transmission:
1. Airborne Transmission: Some infectious agents remain suspended in the air for a long period of time. These pathogens might attack the immune system of a person in contact. E.g. if you enter a room that was initially occupied by a patient of measles, you too might catch the infection.
2. Contaminated Objects: The objects around us carry pathogens. Touching the infected objects which were initially used by a diseased person might render us diseased. Contaminated blood and medical supplies can also spread infections.
3. Vector-Borne Diseases: Some infectious agents are transmitted by the blood-sucking insects. The insects feed on hosts such as birds, animals, and humans and carry infectious agents from them. These infections are transmitted to some new host. Malaria and Lyme disease are the two vector-borne diseases.
4.Food and Drinking Water: Improperly canned and undercooked food is the main source of infections. Water also carries various pathogens from rivers and lakes. It should be boiled or filtered before use. E.coli is transmitted through contaminated food which causes various stomach problems. Botulism is caused by the consumption of improperly canned food. Cholera is one water-borne disease which has affected millions of people consuming contaminated water.
5.Transmission through Animals: When an infected animal bites or scratches against a person, it transfers the infectious agents to the person. These agents can also be transmitted through animal waste. When diseases are transferred from animals to people, zoonosis occurs. Anthrax (sheep), rabies (dogs), plague (rodents) are some of the diseases transmitted from animals to humans. Pregnant women and people with weak immune systems are more prone to infections.
6.Environmental Factors: The infectious agents are present in soil, water and plants as well. These agents can be transmitted to people and may cause diseases. For eg., Hookworm is transmitted through contaminated soil. Legionnaires’ disease is spread by water supplied to condensers and cooling towers.
See lessWhat is communication?
Public health communication is the development, dissemination, and evaluation of relevant, accurate, accessible, and understandable information shared with and received from intended audiences to protect and advance the health of the public. Public health communication is inherently interventionist,Read more
Public health communication is the development, dissemination, and evaluation of relevant, accurate, accessible, and understandable information shared with and received from intended audiences to protect and advance the health of the public.
Public health communication is inherently interventionist, seeking to promote and protect health through change at all levels of influence.
Public health communication is a key intervention used by public health practitioners at all levels. It embraces a range of communication strategies. Public health communication has a number of purposes such as:
* Influencing social norms
* Advocating for healthy public policy
* Providing public alerts
* Increasing individual knowledge and awareness and promoting behaviour change
Audiences range from individuals, groups, communities, stakeholders, to decision-makers, and community partners. Public health communication is bi-directional, i.e., between PPH and community members. Communication can be a cost-effective population-based strategy. Effective communication strategies and mechanisms have the potential to quickly reach large audiences or specific groups and individuals, and provide a means to receive information. Public health communication strategies are high quality and targeted that reflect the interest, needs and values of the intended audience.
See lessWhat is pasteurization?
pasteurization, heat-treatment process that destroys pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverages. It is named for the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who in the 1860s demonstrated that abnormal fermentation of wine and beer could be prevented by heating the beverages to about 57 °C (135Read more
pasteurization, heat-treatment process that destroys pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverages. It is named for the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who in the 1860s demonstrated that abnormal fermentation of wine and beer could be prevented by heating the beverages to about 57 °C (135 °F) for a few minutes. Pasteurization of milk, widely practiced in several countries.
See less