Nusrat Jahan Maha - Followers Answers

Cystitis is usually caused by bacteria from poo getting into the tube that carries urine out of your body (urethra). Women have a shorter urethra than men. This means bacteria are more likely to reach the bladder and cause an infection. Things that increase the chance of bacteria getting into the bladder include:

1. Having sex.
2. Wiping your bottom from back to front after going to the toilet.
3. Urinary catheters (a tube in your bladder used to drain urine).
4. Using spermicide with contraception.
5. Conditions that block the urinary tract, such as kidney stones.
6. Being pregnant.
7. Conditions that make it difficult to fully empty the bladder, such as an enlarged prostate gland in men.
8. Having been through menopause.
9. Having diabetes.
10. Having a weakened immune system.

Women get UTIs up to 30 times more often than men do. Also, as many as 4 in 10 women who get a UTI will get at least one more within six months.

Women get UTIs more often because a woman’s urethra (the tube from the bladder to where the urine comes out of the body) is shorter than a man’s. This makes it easier for bacteria to get into the bladder. A woman’s urethral opening is also closer to both the vagina and the anus, the main source of germs such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) that cause UTIs.

Others facts:
1. Are sexually active. Sexual activity can move germs that cause UTIs from other areas, such as the vagina, to the urethra.

2. Use a diaphragm for birth control or use spermicides (creams that kill sperm) with a diaphragm or with condoms. Spermicides can kill good bacteria that protect you from UTIs.

3. pregnant. Pregnancy hormones can change the bacteria in the urinary tract, making UTIs more likely. Also, many pregnant women have trouble completely emptying the bladder, because the uterus (womb) with the developing baby sits on top of the bladder during pregnancy. Leftover urine with bacteria in it can cause a UTI.

4. Have gone through menopause. After menopause, loss of the hormone estrogen causes vaginal tissue to become thin and dry. This can make it easier for harmful bacteria to grow and cause a UTI.

5. Have diabetes, which can lower your immune (defense) system and cause nerve damage that makes it hard to completely empty your bladder
Have any condition, like a kidney stone, that may block the flow of urine between your kidneys and bladder.

7. Have or recently had a catheter in place. A catheter is a thin tube put through the urethra into the bladder. Catheters drain urine when you cannot pass urine on your own, such as during surgery.

Common ways that HBV can spread are:

1. Sexual contact. You may get hepatitis B if you have unprotected sex with someone who is infected. The virus can pass to you if the person’s blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body.

2. Sharing of needles. HBV easily spreads through needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood. Sharing IV drug paraphernalia puts you at high risk of hepatitis B.

3. Accidental needle sticks. Hepatitis B is a concern for health care workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood.

4. Mother to child. Pregnant women infected with HBV can pass the virus to their babies during childbirth. However, the newborn can be vaccinated to avoid getting infected in almost all cases.

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