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What’re the most common causation of cholecystitis?
Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by: 1. Gallstones. Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles that develop in your gallbladder (gallstones). Gallstones can block the tube (cystic duct) through which bile flows when it leaves tRead more
Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by:
1. Gallstones. Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles that develop in your gallbladder (gallstones). Gallstones can block the tube (cystic duct) through which bile flows when it leaves the gallbladder. Bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing inflammation.
2. Tumor. A tumor may prevent bile from draining out of your gallbladder properly. This causes bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis.
3. Bile duct blockage. Stones or thickened bile and tiny particles (sludge) can block the bile duct and lead to cholecystitis. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts can also cause blockage.
4. Infection. AIDS and certain viral infections can trigger gallbladder inflammation.
5. Severe illness. Very severe illness can damage blood vessels and decrease blood flow to the gallbladder, leading to cholecystitis.
See lessHow we can prevent hepatitis -B?
***Testing & Vaccination: 1. The hepatitis B vaccine offers excellent protection against HBV. The vaccine is safe and highly effective. Vaccination consists of 3 doses of vaccine (shots) over the course of 6 months. Protection lasts for 20 years to life. 2. The CDC recommends hepatitis B vaccineRead more
***Testing & Vaccination:
1. The hepatitis B vaccine offers excellent protection against HBV. The vaccine is safe and highly effective. Vaccination consists of 3 doses of vaccine (shots) over the course of 6 months. Protection lasts for 20 years to life.
2. The CDC recommends hepatitis B vaccine for persons traveling to countries where HBV is common.
3. If you have one or more risk factors for hepatitis B infection, you should get a simple HBV blood test. The blood test will determine whether you are:
-immune to hepatitis B; or
-susceptible to hepatitis B and need vaccination; or
-infected with hepatitis B and need further evaluation by a physician.
4. The basic test for acute HBV infection is called the “Hepatitis B Core IgM Antibody test.” People who have acute hepatitis B show positive IgM antibodies on this test.
***Perinatal Hepatitis:
1. If the mother is HBV-infected, she will pass the infection to the baby during the birth process, unless the baby gets immunized within hours of birth.
2. Giving the infant HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin) and HBV vaccine right away will reliably prevent infection of the infant.
3. Other family members should be best tested for hepatitis B too, and given a vaccine if they are not already infected or immune.
***Healthy Habits: (The best way to prevent hepatitis B is with vaccination. Other ways to reduce your risk of getting hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV).
1. Do not inject drugs. If you do inject drugs, stop and get into a treatment program. If you can’t stop, never share needles, syringes, water, or “works”.
2. Do not share personal care items that might have blood on them (razors, toothbrushes).
3. If you are a health care or public safety worker, follow universal blood/body fluid precautions and safely handle needles and other sharps.
4. Consider the risks if you are thinking about tattooing, body piercing, or acupuncture – are the instruments properly sterilized?
5. If you’re having sex with more than one steady partner, use latex condoms correctly and every time to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, including viral hepatitis and HIV.
***After Exposure to Hepatitis B:
1. Hepatitis B infection can be prevented by getting a vaccine and HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin) soon after coming into contact with the virus.
2. Persons who have recently been exposed to HBV should get HBIG and vaccine as soon as possible and preferably within 24 hours, but not more than 2 weeks after the exposure.
3. If you have recently been exposed to hepatitis B, you should immediately contact your doctor.
See lessWhat’re the common symptoms of laryngitis?
In most cases, laryngitis symptoms last less than a couple of weeks and are caused by something minor, such as a virus. Less often, laryngitis symptoms are caused by something more serious or long-lasting. Laryngitis signs and symptoms can include: 1. Hoarseness. 2. Weak voice or voice loss. 3. TickRead more
In most cases, laryngitis symptoms last less than a couple of weeks and are caused by something minor, such as a virus. Less often, laryngitis symptoms are caused by something more serious or long-lasting. Laryngitis signs and symptoms can include:
1. Hoarseness.
See less2. Weak voice or voice loss.
3. Tickling sensation and rawness in your throat.
4. Sore throat.
5. Dry throat.
6. Dry cough.
What are the thyroid function tests?
The major thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, also called T4 because it contains four iodine atoms. To exert its effects, T4 is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) by the removal of an iodine atom. This occurs mainly in the liver and in certain tissues where T3 acts, such as iRead more
The major thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, also called T4 because it contains four iodine atoms. To exert its effects, T4 is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) by the removal of an iodine atom. This occurs mainly in the liver and in certain tissues where T3 acts, such as in the brain. The amount of T4 produced by the thyroid gland is controlled by another hormone, which is made in the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain, called thyroid stimulating hormone (abbreviated TSH). The amount of TSH that the pituitary sends into the bloodstream depends on the amount of T4 that the pituitary sees. If the pituitary sees very little T4, then it produces more TSH to tell the thyroid gland to produce more T4. Once the T4 in the bloodstream goes above a certain level, the pituitary’s production of TSH is shut off. In fact, the thyroid and pituitary act in many ways like a heater and a thermostat. When the heater is off and it becomes cold, the thermostat reads the temperature and turns on the heater. When the heat rises to an appropriate level, the thermostat senses this and turns off the heater. Thus, the thyroid and the pituitary, like a heater and thermostat, turn on and off.
T4 and T3 circulate almost entirely bound to specific transport proteins. If the levels of these transport proteins changes, there can be changes in how much bound T4 and T3 is measured. This frequently happens during pregnancy and with the use of birth control pills. The “free” T4 or T3 is the hormone that is unbound and able to enter and affect the body tissues.
TESTS
Blood tests to measure these hormones are readily available and widely used, but not all are useful in all situations. Tests to evaluate thyroid function include the following:
TSH TESTS
The best way to initially test thyroid function is to measure the TSH level in a blood sample. Changes in TSH can serve as an “early warning system” – often occurring before the actual level of thyroid hormones in the body becomes too high or too low. A high TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is not making enough thyroid hormone (primary hypothyroidism). The opposite situation, in which the TSH level is low, usually indicates that the thyroid is producing too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism). Occasionally, a low TSH may result from an abnormality in the pituitary gland, which prevents it from making enough TSH to stimulate the thyroid (secondary hypothyroidism). In most healthy individuals, a normal TSH value means that the thyroid is functioning properly.
T4 TESTS
T4 is the main form of thyroid hormone circulating in the blood. A Total T4 measures the bound and free hormone and can change when binding proteins differ (see above). A Free T4 measures what is not bound and able to enter and affect the body tissues. Tests measuring free T4 – either a free T4 (FT4) or free T4 index (FTI) – more accurately reflect how the thyroid gland is functioning when checked with a TSH.
The finding of an elevated TSH and low FT4 or FTI indicates primary hypothyroidism due to disease in the thyroid gland. A low TSH and low FT4 or FTI indicates hypothyroidism due to a problem involving the pituitary gland. A low TSH with an elevated FT4 or FTI is found in individuals who have hyperthyroidism.
T3 TESTS
T3 tests are often useful to diagnosis hyperthyroidism or to determine the severity of the hyperthyroidism. Patients who are hyperthyroid will have an elevated T3 level. In some individuals with a low TSH, only the T3 is elevated and the FT4 or FTI is normal. T3 testing rarely is helpful in the hypothyroid patient, since it is the last test to become abnormal. Patients can be severely hypothyroid with a high TSH and low FT4 or FTI, but have a normal T3.
FREE T3
Measurement of free T3 is possible, but is often not reliable and therefore not typically helpful.
REVERSE T3
Reverse T3 is a biologically inactive protein that is structurally very similar to T3, but the iodine atoms are placed in different locations, which makes it inactive. Some reverse T3 is produced normally in the body, but is then rapidly degraded. In healthy, non-hospitalized people, measurement of reverse T3 does not help determine whether hypothyroidism exists or not, and is not clinically useful.
THYROID ANTIBODY TESTS
The immune system of the body normally protects us from foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses by destroying these invaders with substances called antibodies produced by blood cells known as lymphocytes. In many patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, lymphocytes react against the thyroid (thyroid autoimmunity) and make antibodies against thyroid cell proteins. Two common antibodies are thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody. Measuring levels of thyroid antibodies may help diagnose the cause of the thyroid problem. For example, positive anti-thyroid peroxidase and/or anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in a patient with hypothyroidism result in a diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. While detecting antibodies is helpful in the initial diagnosis of hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis, following their levels over time is not helpful in detecting the development of hypothyroidism or response to therapy. TSH and FT4 are what tell us about the actual thyroid function or levels.
A different antibody that may be positive in a patient with hyperthyroidism is the stimulatory TSH receptor antibody (TSI). This antibody causes the thyroid to be overactive in Graves’ Disease. If you have Graves’ disease, your doctor might also order a thyrotropin receptor antibody test (TSHR or TRAb), which detects both stimulating and blocking antibodies. Following antibody levels in Graves’ patients may help to assess response to treatment of hyperthyroidism, to determine when it is appropriate to discontinue antithyroid medication, and to assess the risk of passing antibodies to the fetus during pregnancy.
THYROGLOBULIN
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a protein produced by normal thyroid cells and thyroid cancer cells. It is not a measure of thyroid function and it does not diagnose thyroid cancer when the thyroid gland is still present. It is used most often in patients who have had surgery for thyroid cancer in order to monitor them after treatment. Tg is included in this brochure of thyroid function tests to communicate that, although measured frequently in certain scenarios and individuals, Tg is not a primary measure of thyroid hormone function.
NON-BLOOD TESTS
RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPTAKE
Because T4 contains iodine, the thyroid gland must pull a large amount of iodine from the bloodstream in order to make an appropriate amount of T4. The thyroid has developed a very active mechanism for doing this. Therefore, this activity can be measured by having an individual swallow a small amount of iodine, which is radioactive. The radioactivity allows the doctor to track where the iodine goes. By measuring the amount of radioactivity that is taken up by the thyroid gland (radioactive iodine uptake, RAIU), doctors may determine whether the gland is functioning normally. A very high RAIU is seen in individuals whose thyroid gland is overactive (hyperthyroidism), while a low RAIU is seen when the thyroid gland is underactive (hypothyroidism). In addition to the radioactive iodine uptake, a thyroid scan may be obtained, which shows a picture of the thyroid gland and reveals what parts of the thyroid have taken up the iodine (see Thyroid Nodules brochure).
MEDICATIONS THAT INTERFERE WITH THYROID FUNCTION TESTING
There are many medications that can affect thyroid function testing. Some common examples include:
Estrogens, such as in birth control pills, or in pregnancy, cause high levels of total T4 and T3. This is because estrogens increase the level of the binding proteins. In these situations, it is better to ask both for TSH and free T4 for thyroid evaluation, which will typically be in the normal range.
See lessBiotin, a commonly taken over-the-counter supplement, can cause the measurement of several thyroid function tests to appear abnormal, when they are in fact normal in the blood. Biotin should not be taken for 2 days before blood is drawn for thyroid function testing to avoid this effect.
What are the causes of enlarge / swelling of the thyroid gland?
A number of factors that influence thyroid function or growth can result in a goiter. 1. Iodine deficiency. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. If a person does not get enough dietary iodine, hormone production drops and the pituitary gland signals the thyroid to make more. TRead more
A number of factors that influence thyroid function or growth can result in a goiter.
1. Iodine deficiency. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. If a person does not get enough dietary iodine, hormone production drops and the pituitary gland signals the thyroid to make more. This increased signal results in thyroid growth. In the United States, this cause is uncommon because of iodine added to table salt.
2. Hashimoto’s disease. Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder, an illness caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. The damaged and inflamed tissues of the thyroid don’t produce enough hormones (hypothyroidism). When the pituitary gland detects the decline and prompts the thyroid to create more hormones, the thyroid can become enlarged.
3. Graves’ disease. Another autoimmune disorder called Graves’ disease occurs when the immune system produces a protein that mimics TSH. This rogue protein prompts the thyroid to overproduce hormones (hyperthyroidism) and can result in thyroid growth.
4. Thyroid nodules. A nodule is the irregular growth of thyroid cells that form a lump. A person may have one nodule or several nodules (multinodular goiter). The cause of nodules is not clear, but there may be multiple factors — genetics, diet, lifestyle and environment. Most thyroid nodules are noncancerous (benign).
5. Thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is less common than other cancers and generally treatable. About 5% of people with thyroid nodules are found to have cancer.
6. Pregnancy. A hormone produced during pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), may cause the thyroid gland to be overactive and enlarge slightly.
7. Inflammation. Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid caused by an autoimmune disorder, bacterial or viral infection, or medication. The inflammation may cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
8. A lack of dietary iodine. Iodine is found primarily in seawater and in the soil in coastal areas. In the developing world in particular, people who don’t have enough iodine in their diets or access to food supplemented with iodine are at increased risk.
9. Being female. Women are more likely to develop a goiter or other thyroid disorders.
10. Pregnancy and menopause. Thyroid problems in women are more likely to occur during pregnancy and menopause.
11. Age. Goiters are more common after age 40.
12. Family medical history. Family medical history of goiters or other thyroid disorders increases the risk of goiters. Also, researchers have identified genetic factors that may be associated with an increased risk.
13. Medications. Some medical treatments, including the heart drug amiodarone (Pacerone) and the psychiatric drug lithium (Lithobid), increase your risk.
14. Radiation exposure. Your risk increases if you’ve had radiation treatments to your neck or chest area.
See lessWhat changes occur in mind symptoms during pregnancy? And what are rubrics of the Homoeopathic Repertory in this regard?
During pregnancy, some mind symptoms may arise; for them, many symptoms may be valuable for Homoeopathic prescribing in pregnancy. such as:- 1. Mind; absorbed, buried in thought; strange, pregnancy, during 2. Mind; alcoholism, dipsomania; pregnancy, in or after 3. Mind; anger; - pregnancy, in -ailmeRead more
During pregnancy, some mind symptoms may arise; for them, many symptoms may be valuable for Homoeopathic prescribing in pregnancy. such as:-
See less1. Mind; absorbed, buried in thought; strange, pregnancy, during
2. Mind; alcoholism, dipsomania; pregnancy, in or after
3. Mind; anger;
– pregnancy, in
-ailments from, agg.; pregnancy, in
4. Mind; anxiety;
– pregnancy, in
– dinner; after; pregnancy, in fifth month of
– fright, fear; after; pregnancy, in seventh month of
– household matters, about; pregnancy, in
– sleeplessness, with; pregnancy, in
5. Mind; change; personality, of, during pregnancy
6. Mind; company; aversion to; pregnancy, in
7. Mind; complaining; pregnancy, in, much, but of nothing in particular
8. Mind; confusion of mind; pregnancy, in
9. Mind; day-dreaming; pregnancy, about
10. Mind; death; ailments from, agg.; pregnancy, in
11. Mind; delirium;
– pregnancy, in
– pregnancy, in; itching of genitals, from
12. Mind; delusions, imaginations;
– pregnancy, during
– pregnancy, during; triplets of
– bed; looks for it in yard, during pregnancy
– images, phantoms, sees; frightful; pregnancy, in, usually from engorged condition of brain
– strange; everything is; pregnancy, in
– ugly, is; pregnancy, in
13. Mind; desires;
– full of; pregnancy, in
– strange things, during pregnancy
14. Mind; despair;
– pregnancy, in
– pain, with; prolapse, in, or hardening of uterus in pregnancy
15. Mind; discouraged; pregnancy, in
16. Mind; escape, desire to; pregnancy, in
17. Mind; excitement, excitable; pregnancy, in
18. Mind; fancies; strange; pregnancy, in
19. Mind; fear;
– pregnancy, in
– broken the arm of her child, that she has, in gastroenteritis during pregnancy
– crossing; streets; pregnancy, in
– death, of; pregnancy, in
– falling, of; pregnancy, in
– happen; something will; pregnancy, in
– jostling against everyone she meets, during pregnancy
– pregnancy, in; abortion, of, in latter part
– pregnancy, in; anxiety in heart region, with
– pregnancy, in; child would be deformed, that
– pregnancy, in; conception, in false
– pregnancy, in; continued
– pregnancy, in; last part of
– pregnancy, in; paroxysms, during, lasting two or three hours
– pregnancy, of
20. Mind; feigning; pregnancy
21. Mind; friends, aversion to; pregnancy, in
22. Mind; fright, fear agg., ailments from; pregnancy, in
23. Mind; haughty, pride; pregnancy, in
24. Mind; hide; oneself, desire to; pregnancy, in
25. Mind; hydrophobia; pregnancy, in
26. Mind; hysteria; pregnancy, delivery, parturition, during
27. Mind; impatience; pregnancy, in
28. Mind; indignation; pregnancy, in
29. Mind; indolence, aversion to work; pregnancy, in
30. Mind; insanity, madness; pregnancy, in
31. Mind; irritability;
– pregnancy, in
– pregnancy, in; alone, desires to be
– pregnancy, in; indigestion and sadness, from
32. Mind; jumping; prolapse or hardening of uterus, pregnancy, in
33. Mind; loquacity; pregnancy, in
34. Mind; mania, madness; pregnancy, in
35. Mind; mood; changeable, variable; pregnancy, as in
36. Mind; morose, sulky; pregnancy, in
37. Mind; nymphomania; pregnancy, in
38. Mind; persons, aversion to; pregnancy, in
39. Mind; restlessness, nervousness;
– pregnancy, in
– pregnancy, in; feverish, and, during last month
40. Mind; sadness;
– pregnancy, in
– pregnancy, in; hemorrhage of uterus, in occasional and cramps
41. Mind; sensitive, oversensitive; pregnancy, in
42. Mind; stupefaction, as if intoxicated; pregnancy, in
43. Mind; suicidal disposition; pregnancy, in
44. Mind; suspiciousness, mistrustfulness; reserved, and, during pregnancy
45. Mind; taciturn, indisposed to talk; pregnancy, in
46. Mind; thoughts;
– persistent; pregnancy, of
– strangeness of; pregnancy, in
47. Mind; unconsciousness, coma;
– pregnancy, in
-congestion; with; head, to; pregnancy, in
48. Mind; unfeeling, hard-hearted; pregnancy, in
49. Mind; wander, desires to; pregnancy, in
50. Mind; weeping, tearful mood;
– pregnancy, in
– sudden, paroxysmal; pregnancy, as in
— COMPLETE DYNAMICS 22.5
How sycotic miasm may developed in an individual?
Development of sycosis: 1. Evil thinking. 2. Sustained. 3. Impure coition. 4. Infection with Neisseria Gonorrhoea . 5. Genital purulent discharge. 6. Maltreatment (dissimilar medicine). 7. Genital warts. 8. Maltreatment (dissimilar medicine) or Even without treatment lesions resolve spontaneously. 9Read more
Development of sycosis:
1. Evil thinking.
2. Sustained.
3. Impure coition.
4. Infection with Neisseria Gonorrhoea .
5. Genital purulent discharge.
6. Maltreatment (dissimilar medicine).
7. Genital warts.
8. Maltreatment (dissimilar medicine) or Even without treatment lesions resolve spontaneously.
9. Latent stage of sycosis.
10. Explosion of latent sycosis due to any exciting & maintaining causes.
11. Secondary manifestation of sycosis (miasmatic state of sycosis).
See lessWhat are the types of abortion as rubrics in the homeopathic repertory?
1. Female; abortion, miscarriage; early months. 2. Female; abortion, miscarriage; eighth month. 3. Female; abortion, miscarriage; eighth week. 4. Female; abortion, miscarriage; fifth month. 5. Female; abortion, miscarriage; fifth month; sixth month, until. 6. Female; abortion, miscarriage; fifth monRead more
1. Female; abortion, miscarriage; early months.
2. Female; abortion, miscarriage; eighth month.
3. Female; abortion, miscarriage; eighth week.
4. Female; abortion, miscarriage; fifth month.
5. Female; abortion, miscarriage; fifth month; sixth month, until.
6. Female; abortion, miscarriage; fifth month; seventh month, until.
7. Female; abortion, miscarriage; first month.
8. Female; abortion, miscarriage; first month; to induce with decoct.
9. Female; abortion, miscarriage; fourth month.
10. Female; abortion, miscarriage; fourth month; seventh month, until.
11. Female; abortion, miscarriage; last months.
12. Female; abortion, miscarriage; repeating same epoch.
13. Female; abortion, miscarriage; second month.
14. Female; abortion, miscarriage; second month; third month, or.
15. Female; abortion, miscarriage; seventh month.
16. Female; abortion, miscarriage; seventh month; and a half, fetus expulsed, dead.
17. Female; abortion, miscarriage; sixth month.
18. Female; abortion, miscarriage; sixth week.
19. Female; abortion, miscarriage; third month.
20. Female; abortion, miscarriage; third month; end of.
21. Female; abortion, miscarriage; habitual.
22. Female; abortion, miscarriage; incomplete.
23. Female; abortion, miscarriage; tendency to; periodic, every day at same hour.
24. Female; abortion, miscarriage; tendency to; flabby women, in.
25. Female; abortion, miscarriage; tendency to; flabby women, in; feeble venous women.
26. Female; abortion, miscarriage; threatening.
27. Female; abortion, miscarriage; threatening; fourth month.
28. Female; retained placenta; abortion, after.
– COMPLETE DYNAMICS 22.7
See lessWhat are the modalities of podophyllum?
Modalities: Worse, in early morning, in hot weather, during dentition.
Modalities:
See lessWorse, in early morning, in hot weather, during dentition.
What are the symptoms of secale cor in labor pain?
1. Labour ceases, and instead twitching's and convulsions. 2. Too long and too painful after-pains. 3. Lochia scanty and fetid, or of too long duration and sanguineous (followed by fever and inflammation of uterus). 4. Puerperal convulsions. 5. Female genital organs in general; pains like labour paiRead more
1. Labour ceases, and instead twitching’s and convulsions.
See less2. Too long and too painful after-pains.
3. Lochia scanty and fetid, or of too long duration and sanguineous (followed by fever and inflammation of uterus).
4. Puerperal convulsions.
5. Female genital organs in general; pains like labour pains, which are protracted for a long time, skin cold and no wish to be covered, &c.; labour pains ceasing; labour pains too weak; abortion in the characteristic patients.