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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
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health
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    Primary health care (PHC) is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them, through full participation and at a cost the community and country can afford. It is an approach to health beyond the traditional health care system that focuses on health equity-proRead more

    Primary health care (PHC) is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them, through full participation and at a cost the community and country can afford. It is an approach to health beyond the traditional health care system that focuses on health equity-producing social policy. Primary health-care (PHC) has basic essential elements and objectives that help to attain better health services for all.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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health
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    Bangladesh healthcare systems are mentioned below: 1. In Ward Level: -Community Clinic, -Family Welfare Centre (FWC). Manpower: -Family Welfare Visitor (FWV), -Family Welfare Assistants (FWAs), - Medical Assistant (MAs), -Skill Birth Attendance (SBA), -Village Health Volunteer (VHV), -Community MidwRead more

    Bangladesh healthcare systems are mentioned below:
    1. In Ward Level:
    -Community Clinic,
    -Family Welfare Centre (FWC).

    Manpower:
    -Family Welfare Visitor (FWV),
    -Family Welfare Assistants (FWAs),
    – Medical Assistant (MAs),
    -Skill Birth Attendance (SBA),
    -Village Health Volunteer (VHV),
    -Community Midwife (CMW).

    Services:
    -Establishing referral linkage with higher facilities,
    -Family planning,
    -EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization),
    -Primary health care,
    -Oral rehydration therapy,
    -Sanitation,
    -Nutrition.

    Role and Activities:
    -Creating awareness going door to door,
    -Immediate refer system,
    -Home visit of pregnant women,
    Normal delivery conduct.

    2. In Union Level:
    -Family welfare center (FWC),
    -Community clinic,
    -Union sub-center,
    -Rural dispensary.

    Manpower:
    -MBBS doctor,
    -Medical assistant,
    -Nurse,
    -Word boy or patient care attendance.

    Services:
    -Maternal and neonatal health care services,
    -Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI),
    -Reproductive Health and FP services,
    -Registration of newly married women, pregnant women,
    -Birth & death, preservation of EDD (Expected Date of Delivery),
    -Nutritional education and micro-nutrient supplements,
    -Health, Nutrition and FP Education & counseling,
    -EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization),
    -Delivery conduct,
    -Primary health care,
    -Outpatient service for injuries, wound, and minor alignment,
    -Identifications of emergency & complicated cases & refer to higher facilities,
    -Treatment of Common diseases & first aid.

    Role and Activities:
    -Immediate refer system,
    -Home visit,
    -Create awareness and monthly meeting with union council,
    -Delivery of some essential drugs.

    3. In Upazilla Level:
    -Upazilla Health Complex (UHC),
    -TB Clinic.

    Manpower:
    -Upazilla health family planning officer(UHFPO),
    -Maternal child welfare officer(MCWO),
    -Consultant doctor,
    -Residential medical officers (RMO),
    -Medical officers (MO),
    -Nurse,
    -Laboratory technician,
    -Pharmacist,
    -Traditionally trained birth attendance,
    -Family panning officers.

    Services:
    -Comprehensive emergency obstetric care,
    -Facilitate services of gynecology, anesthesia,
    -Nursing service and basic laboratory facilities,
    -Admission and discharge,
    -General health problem treatment,
    -Normal Delivery conduct,
    -Cesarean delivery,
    -TB treatment,
    -Leprosy treatment,
    -Maternal child care,
    -EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization),
    -Family planning.

    Role and Activities:
    -Trained union-level health care staff,
    -Create awareness,
    -Referral system,
    -Control communicable disease,
    -Pre-service education,
    -Health education and health promotion.

    4. In District Level:
    -District hospital with the nursing institute,
    -General hospital,
    -Medical college with the nursing institute,
    -Chest disease clinic,
    -Leprosy clinic,
    -Medical assistant training institute,
    -Private clinic.

    Manpower:
    -Civil Surgeon,
    -Consultant doctor,
    -RMOs (Residential Medical Officers),
    -MOS (Medical Officers),
    -Superintendent of drugs,
    -Family Planning supervisor,
    -Public health nurse,
    -FPO (Family Planning Officer),
    -EPI supervisor,
    -MCW officer,
    -Pharmacist,
    -Technicians,
    -Recordkeeper.

    Services:
    -All general healthcare,
    -Operative care,
    -Rehabilitation center,
    -Support to Upazila health complex,
    -Supplements materials to UHC,
    -Co-ordination with all health care center,
    -Training of health care personnel and Capacity building,
    -Nursing education and service,
    -Hospital service management and safe blood transfusion.

    Role and Activities:
    -Development and administration of care service at the district level,
    -Specialist, diagnostic and laboratory service,
    -Strengthening of drug administration and management,
    -Training, research, and development,
    -Referral system.

    5. In Divisional Level:
    -Medical College and Hospital, with Nursing Institute,
    -General Hospital with Nursing Institute,
    -Infectious Disease Hospital,
    -Institute of Health Technology.

    Manpower:
    -Divisional director,
    -Civil surgeon,
    -Consultant doctor,
    -Resister medical officers,
    -RMOs,
    -MOs,
    -Superintendent of drugs,
    -Family Planning supervisor,
    -Public health nurse,
    -FPO,
    -EPI supervisor,
    -MCW officer,
    -Pharmacist,
    -Technicians,
    -Recordkeeper.

    Services:
    -Provide care of all complicated disease,
    -Rehabilitation care,
    -Training, research, and development,
    -Provide care of infectious and communicable disease,
    -Ensure nursing care.

    Role and Activities:
    -Responsible for policy formulation and decision making in health care sectors.
    -Planning and implementation of programs and projects and technical guidance to the health sector.

    6. At National level:
    -Public health institute,
    -Postgraduate medical institute and hospital with the nursing institute,
    -Specialized health institute.

    Manpower:
    -Director of the institute,
    -The principal of the medical college,
    -Consultant doctor,
    -Registered medical officer,
    -RMOs,
    -MOs,
    -Public health nurse,
    -Recordkeeper.

    Services:
    -Facilitate opportunity for higher education,
    Provide super-specialty care.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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health
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    1. Public Education. 2. Proper Nutrition. 3. Clean water and Sanitation. 4. Maternal and Child Health care. 5. Immunization. 6. Local disease control. 7. Accessible treatment. 8. Drug provision.

    1. Public Education.
    2. Proper Nutrition.
    3. Clean water and Sanitation.
    4. Maternal and Child Health care.
    5. Immunization.
    6. Local disease control.
    7. Accessible treatment.
    8. Drug provision.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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health
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    Behind these elements lies a series of basic objectives that should be formulated in national policies to launch and sustain primary healthcare (PHC) as part of a comprehensive health system and coordination with other sectors. 1. Improvement in the level of health care of the community. 2. FavorablRead more

    Behind these elements lies a series of basic objectives that should be formulated in national policies to launch and sustain primary healthcare (PHC) as part of a comprehensive health system and coordination with other sectors.

    1. Improvement in the level of health care of the community.
    2. Favorable population growth structure.
    3. Reduction in the prevalence of preventable, communicable, and other diseases.
    4. Reduction in morbidity and mortality rates especially among infants and children.
    5. Extension of essential health services with priority given to the underserved sectors.
    6. Improvement in basic sanitation.
    7. Development of the capability of the community aimed at self-reliance.
    8. Maximizing the contribution of the other sectors for the social and economic development of the community.
    9. Equitable distribution of health care– according to this principle, primary care and other services to meet the main health problems in a community must be provided equally to all individuals irrespective of their gender, age, and caste, urban/rural, and social class.
    10. Community participation-comprehensive healthcare relies on adequate numbers and distribution of trained physicians, nurses, allied health professions, community health workers, and others working as a health team and supported at the local and referral levels.
    11. Multi-sectional approach-recognition that health cannot be improved by intervention within just the formal health sector; other sectors are equally important in promoting the health and self-reliance of communities.
    12. Use of appropriate technology- medical technology should be provided that accessible, affordable, feasible, and culturally acceptable to the community.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , , , ,
Nasim

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diseasesnatural history of diseases
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Teacher dr.basuriwala

    Natural history of disease refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment. For example, untreated infection with HIV causes a spectrum of clinical problems beginning at the time of seroconversion (primary HIV) and terminating with AIDS and usuaRead more

    Natural history of disease refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment. For example, untreated infection with HIV causes a spectrum of clinical problems beginning at the time of seroconversion (primary HIV) and terminating with AIDS and usually death. It is now recognized that it may take 10 years or more for AIDS to develop after seroconversion. Many, if not most, diseases have a characteristic natural history, although the time frame and specific manifestations of the disease may vary from individual to individual and are influenced by preventive and therapeutic measures.
    The process begins with the appropriate exposure to or accumulation of factors sufficient for the disease process to begin in a susceptible host. For an infectious disease, the exposure is a microorganism. For cancer, the exposure may be a factor that initiates the process, such as asbestos fibers or components in tobacco smoke (for lung cancer), or one that promotes the process, such as estrogen (for endometrial cancer).

    After the disease process has been triggered, pathological changes then occur without the individual being aware of them. This stage of subclinical disease, extending from the time of exposure to the onset of disease symptoms, is usually called the incubation period for infectious diseases, and the latency period for chronic diseases. During this stage, the disease is said to be asymptomatic (no symptoms) or inapparent. This period may be as brief as seconds for hypersensitivity and toxic reactions to as long as decades for certain chronic diseases. Even for a single disease, the characteristic incubation period has a range. For example, the typical incubation period for hepatitis A is as long as 7 weeks. The latency period for leukemia to become evident among survivors of the atomic bomb blast in Hiroshima ranged from 2 to 12 years, peaking at 6–7 years. Incubation periods for selected exposures and diseases vary from minute to decade.

    Although the disease is not apparent during the incubation period, some pathologic changes may be detectable with laboratory, radiographic, or other screening methods. Most screening programs attempt to identify the disease process during this phase of its natural history since intervention at this early stage is likely to be more effective than treatment given after the disease has progressed and become symptomatic.

    The onset of symptoms marks the transition from subclinical to clinical disease. Most diagnoses are made during the stage of clinical disease. In some people, however, the disease process may never progress to a clinically apparent illness. In others, the disease process may result in illness that ranges from mild to severe or fatal. This range is called the spectrum of disease. Ultimately, the disease process ends either in recovery, disability, or death.

    For an infectious agent, infectivity refers to the proportion of exposed persons who become infected. Pathogenicity refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop the clinically apparent disease. Virulence refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.

    Because the spectrum of disease can include asymptomatic and mild cases, the cases of illness diagnosed by clinicians in the community often represent only the tip of the iceberg. Many additional cases may be too early to diagnose or may never progress to the clinical stage. Unfortunately, persons with inapparent or undiagnosed infections may nonetheless be able to transmit the infection to others. Such persons who are infectious but have subclinical diseases are called carriers. Frequently, carriers are persons with incubating disease or inapparent infection. Persons with measles, hepatitis A, and several other diseases become infectious a few days before the onset of symptoms. However, carriers may also be persons who appear to have recovered from their clinical illness but remain infectious, such as chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus, or persons who never exhibited symptoms. The challenge to public health workers is that these carriers, unaware that they are infected and infectious to others, are sometimes more likely to unwittingly spread infection than are people with an obvious illness.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , ,
Nasim

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diseases
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    The Epidemiologic Triangle The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines an outbreak or epidemic as “the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period.” When investigatRead more

    The Epidemiologic Triangle
    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines an outbreak or epidemic as “the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period.” When investigating how a disease spreads and how to combat it, the epidemiologic triangle can be an invaluable tool. The epidemiologic triangle is made up of three parts: agent, host and environment.

    Agent:
    The agent is the microorganism that actually causes the disease in question. An agent could be some form of bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite.

    Host:
    The agent infects the host, which is the organism that carries the disease. A host doesn’t necessarily get sick; hosts can act as carriers for an agent without displaying any outward symptoms of the disease. Hosts get sick or carry an agent because some part of their physiology is hospitable or attractive to the agent.

    Environment:
    Outside factors can affect an epidemiologic outbreak as well; collectively these are referred to as the environment. The environment includes any factors that affect the spread of the disease but are not directly a part of the agent or the host. For example, the temperature in a given location might affect an agent’s ability to thrive, as might the quality of drinking water or the accessibility of adequate medical facilities.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
Nasim

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diseasesiceberg phenomenon
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Teacher dr.basuriwala

    The Iceberg phenomenon of disease gives a picture of the spectrum of diseases in a community. The visible part of the iceberg denotes the clinically apparent cases of a disease in the community. The part of the iceberg below the water level denoted the latent, subclinical, undiagnosed, and carrier sRead more

    The Iceberg phenomenon of disease gives a picture of the spectrum of diseases in a community. The visible part of the iceberg denotes the clinically apparent cases of a disease in the community. The part of the iceberg below the water level denoted the latent, subclinical, undiagnosed, and carrier status in the community, which forms the major part. The hidden part is especially important in diseases like hypertension, diabetes, and malnutrition. Some diseases exhibiting iceberg phenomenon:

    1. Diabetes.
    2. Hypertension.
    3. Malnutrition.
    4. Polio.
    5. Leprosy.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn:
Nasim

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disease
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Professional dr.basuriwala

    An abnormal condition of an organism which interrupts the normal bodily functions that often leads to feeling of pain and weakness, and usually associated with symptoms and signs. A pathologic condition in which the normal functioning of an organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in extrRead more

    An abnormal condition of an organism which interrupts the normal bodily functions that often leads to feeling of pain and weakness, and usually associated with symptoms and signs.
    A pathologic condition in which the normal functioning of an organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, or death.

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Asked: 6 years agoIn: , , ,
Nasim

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cycle of diseasesdisease
  1. Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH
    Dr Md shahriar kabir B H M S; MPH Enlightened dr.basuriwala

    There are different cycles of diseases. The stages of the disease cycle are inoculation, penetration, infection, incubation, reproduction, and survival. Knowing and understanding the disease cycle for a particular disease is very helpful in managing the disease. There are two types of disease cyclesRead more

    There are different cycles of diseases. The stages of the disease cycle are inoculation, penetration, infection, incubation, reproduction, and survival. Knowing and understanding the disease cycle for a particular disease is very helpful in managing the disease. There are two types of disease cycles: monocyclic and polycyclic.

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