Abbullah al masum - Followers Answers

To diagnose peripheral vascular disease, a healthcare provider will examine you and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history. If you have peripheral vascular disease, the pulse in the affected area may be weak or missing.

Tests that may be done to diagnose peripheral vascular disease include:
1. Blood tests to check for conditions related to PAD such as high cholesterol, high triglycerides, and diabetes
2. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) which compares the blood pressure in the ankle with the blood pressure in the arm
3. Ultrasound of the legs or feet to see how blood moves through the blood vessels
4. Doppler ultrasound to spot blocked or narrowed arteries
5. Angiography which uses X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, or computerized tomography (CT) scans to look for blockages in the arteries. Before the images are taken, dye (contrast) is injected into a blood vessel. The dye helps the arteries show up more clearly on the test images

PVD can be categorized using the Fontaine or Rutherford classification system. Each system grades PVD from no symptoms to major tissue loss and can be used at diagnosis and to evaluate the progression or improvement of symptoms.

Fontaine’s classification of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) has five stages:
– Stage I: Asymptomatic
– Stage II: Intermittent claudication
– Stage IIa: Intermittent claudication after more than 200 meters of pain-free walking
– Stage IIb: Intermittent claudication after less than 200 meters of walking
– Stage III: Rest pain
– Stage IV: Ischemic ulcers or gangrene (which may be dry or humid)

Rutherford‘s classification of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) consists of four grades and seven categories:
– Grade 0, Category 0: Asymptomatic
– Grade I, Category 1: Mild claudication
– Grade I, Category 2: Moderate claudication
– Grade I, Category 3: Severe claudication
– Grade II, Category 4: Rest pain
– Grade III, Category 5: Minor tissue loss; Ischemic ulceration not exceeding ulcer of the digits of the foot
– Grade IV, Category 6: Major tissue loss; Severe ischemic ulcers or frank gangrene

Urinary retention is a condition where your bladder doesn’t empty all the way or at all when you urinate. There are several causes of urinary retention, including:

1. Obstruction in the urinary tract such as an enlarged prostate or bladder stones
2. Infections that cause swelling or irritation
3. Nerve problems that interfere with signals between the brain and the bladder
4. Medications
5. Constipation
6. Urethral stricture
7. Weak bladder muscle

The two main causes of urinary retention are obstruction to the flow of urine through the urethra and weak bladder muscle.

Haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. There are many causes of haematuria, including urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney stones, viral illness, trauma, bladder cancer, and exercise. These causes can be grouped into glomerular and non-glomerular causes, depending on the involvement of the glomerulus of the kidney.

Other common causes include renal cancer, bladder cancer, renal calculi, prostate cancer, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Acute urinary retention (AUR) is a condition characterized by the sudden inability to pass urine and completely empty the urinary bladder. Individuals with AUR are unable to urinate at all, even though the urinary bladder is filled with urine. It is the most common urologic emergency. In men, AUR is most often secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); AUR is rare in women.