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What are the differences between necrosis and apoptosis?
Apoptosis and necrosis are both ways cells die. Apoptosis is the normal, healthy way cells die. They die naturally to maintain cellular balance in your body. Apoptosis is needed for your body to function normally. Apoptosis very rarely needs treatment. Cells die through necrosis accidentally due toRead more
Apoptosis and necrosis are both ways cells die. Apoptosis is the normal, healthy way cells die. They die naturally to maintain cellular balance in your body. Apoptosis is needed for your body to function normally. Apoptosis very rarely needs treatment.
Cells die through necrosis accidentally due to internal or external factors. These factors may include diseases, infections, injuries, or other conditions. These conditions lead to damage in your cell walls, which makes them unable to function normally. Necrosis generally needs treatment.
See lessWhat are the morphological changes that occur in cell during necrosis?
Morphology of necrotic cell: A) Cytoplasmic changes: -Increased eosinophilia – Due to denatured proteins and loss of cytoplasmic RNA. -Glassy homogenous appearance – loss of glycogen particles. -Moth eaten appearance of cytoplasm – enzymatic digestion of cytoplasmic organelles. -Whorled phospholipidRead more
Morphology of necrotic cell:
A) Cytoplasmic changes:
-Increased eosinophilia – Due to denatured proteins and loss of cytoplasmic RNA.
-Glassy homogenous appearance – loss of glycogen particles.
-Moth eaten appearance of cytoplasm – enzymatic digestion of cytoplasmic organelles.
-Whorled phospholipid masses derived from damaged cell membranes – myelin figures.
-Calcifications – fatty acids derived from phospholipid masses.
B) Electron microscopic findings: Necrotic cells are characterized by-
-Discontinuities in plasma and organellar membrane.
-Swollen mitochondria with large amorphous densities.
-Intracytoplasmic myelin figures.
-Aggregates of fluffy material representing denatured proteins.
C) Nuclear changes: Due to the non-specific breakdown of DNA, 3 patterns are identified-
See less-Karyolysis – fading of basophilia of chromatin due to enzymatic degradation of DNA by endonucleases.
-Pyknosis – nuclear shrinkage & increased basophilia.
-Karyorrhexis – pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation.
What are the complications of Gangrene?
If an infection gets into your blood, you may get sepsis and go into septic shock. This needs treatment right away. Symptoms include: 1. Low blood pressure. 2. Rapid heartbeat. 3. Shortness of breath. 4. Change in body temperature. 5. Light-headedness. 6. Body pain and rash. 7. Confusion. 8. Cold, cRead more
If an infection gets into your blood, you may get sepsis and go into septic shock. This needs treatment right away. Symptoms include:
1. Low blood pressure.
See less2. Rapid heartbeat.
3. Shortness of breath.
4. Change in body temperature.
5. Light-headedness.
6. Body pain and rash.
7. Confusion.
8. Cold, clammy, pale skin.
9. Death.
What are the different routes of metastasis of neoplasm?
Metastases of neoplasmic cells can occur in three ways: 1. They can grow directly into the tissue surrounding the tumor. 2. Cancer cells can travel through your bloodstream to distant locations in your body. 3. Cancer cells can travel through your lymph system to nearby or distant lymph nodes.
Metastases of neoplasmic cells can occur in three ways:
1. They can grow directly into the tissue surrounding the tumor.
See less2. Cancer cells can travel through your bloodstream to distant locations in your body.
3. Cancer cells can travel through your lymph system to nearby or distant lymph nodes.
What is Pulmonary oedema?
Fluid accumulates in the air sacs of the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. This interferes with gas exchange and can cause respiratory failure.
Fluid accumulates in the air sacs of the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. This interferes with gas exchange and can cause respiratory failure.
See lessWhat are the types of haemorrhage?
The following are the different types of Hemorrhage: ( There are two types of Hemorrhage: internal and external.) A) Upper Head: -Intracranial Hemorrhage: A bleeding that occurs in the skull. -Cerebral Hemorrhage: This is one of the types of intracranial Hemorrhage where the brain tissue bleeds withRead more
The following are the different types of Hemorrhage: ( There are two types of Hemorrhage: internal and external.)
A) Upper Head:
-Intracranial Hemorrhage: A bleeding that occurs in the skull.
-Cerebral Hemorrhage: This is one of the types of intracranial Hemorrhage where the brain tissue bleeds within itself.
-Intracerebral Hemorrhage: When the brain bleeds due to the rupture in the blood vessel within the head.
-Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH): when there is blood present within the subarachnoid space due to a pathologic process. It is a nontraumatic type of hemarrhage, typically caused due to a berry aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation.
B) Eyes:
-Subconjunctival Hemorrhage: A broken blood vessel in the sclera – the white of the eyes – results in the blood eye. It often occurs due to strain, including sneezing, coughing, vomiting, or other kinds of strain.
C) Nose:
-Epistaxis: It is commonly known as a nosebleed.
D) Mouth:
-Tooth eruption: When you lose a tooth, it is known as a tooth eruption.
-Hematemesis: You start vomiting fresh blood.
-Hemoptysis: When you start coughing blood from the lungs is called hemoptysis.
E) Lungs:
-Pulmonary Hemorrhage
F) Gastrointestinal:
-Upper gastrointestinal bleed
-Lower gastrointestinal bleed
-Occult gastrointestinal bleed
G) Urinary Tract:
-Hematuria – When you urinate, there is blood. It is known as hematuria.
H) Gynacologic:
-Vaginal bleeding
-Postpartum Hemorrhage
-Breakthrough bleeding
-Ovarian bleeding: Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing transvaginal oocyte retrieval are more likely to experience ovarian bleeding. It is fatal and is a common complication of the procedure.
I) Anus:
-Melena – occurs when there is an upper gastrointestinal bleeding
-Hematochezia – occurs when there is lower gastrointestinal bleeding or brisk upper gastrointestinal bleeding
J) Vascular:
See less-Ruptured aneurysm
-Aortic transection
-Iatrogenic injury
What are the causes of acute haemorrhage?
A) There are many possible causes of hemorrhage, including: 1. Alcohol, drug, or tobacco use that is heavy or long-term (bleeding in the brain). 2. Blood clotting disorders. 3. Cancer. 4. Complications from medical procedures, such as surgery or childbirth. 5. Damage to an internal organ. 6. HereditRead more
A) There are many possible causes of hemorrhage, including:
1. Alcohol, drug, or tobacco use that is heavy or long-term (bleeding in the brain).
2. Blood clotting disorders.
3. Cancer.
4. Complications from medical procedures, such as surgery or childbirth.
5. Damage to an internal organ.
6. Hereditary (inherited) disorders, such as hemophilia and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
7. Injuries, such as cuts or puncture wounds, bone fractures,s or traumatic brain injury.
8. Violence, such as a gunshot or knife wound, or physical abuse.
9. Viruses that attack the blood vessels, such as viral hemorrhagic fever.
B) Depending on the location or cause, a hemorrhage might be called:
1. Bruise or hematoma (a particularly bad bruise). Both involve bleeding just under the skin.
See less2. Hemothorax, blood collecting between the chest wall and lungs.
3. Intracranial hemorrhage, bleeding in the brain.
4. Nosebleed.
5. Petechiae, tiny spots on the skin that may be purple, red, or brown.
6. Postpartum hemorrhage, more bleeding than normal after childbirth.
7. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, a type of stroke that can be caused by head trauma.
8. Subconjunctival hemorrhage, broken blood vessels in the eye.
9. Subdural hematoma, blood leaking into the dura mater, the membrane between the brain and skull.
What are the causes of infarction?
The 2 most important causes are: 1. Thrombosis. 2. Thromboembolism. Other (minor) causes include – 1. Vasospasm. 2. Compression of a vessel. 3. Torsion of a vessel by twisting around on itself. 4. Traumatic rupture. 5. Expansion of an atheroma.
The 2 most important causes are:
1. Thrombosis.
2. Thromboembolism.
Other (minor) causes include –
1. Vasospasm.
See less2. Compression of a vessel.
3. Torsion of a vessel by twisting around on itself.
4. Traumatic rupture.
5. Expansion of an atheroma.
what are the sign and symptoms of shock?
If you go into shock, you may experience one or more of the following: 1. Rapid, weak, or absent pulse. 2. Irregular heartbeat. 3. Rapid, shallow breathing. 4. Lightheadedness. 5. Cool, clammy skin. 6. Dilated pupils. 7. Lackluster eyes. 8. Chest pain. 9. Nausea. 10. Confusion. 11. Anxiety. 12. DecrRead more
If you go into shock, you may experience one or more of the following:
1. Rapid, weak, or absent pulse.
See less2. Irregular heartbeat.
3. Rapid, shallow breathing.
4. Lightheadedness.
5. Cool, clammy skin.
6. Dilated pupils.
7. Lackluster eyes.
8. Chest pain.
9. Nausea.
10. Confusion.
11. Anxiety.
12. Decrease in urine.
13. Thirst and dry mouth.
14. Low blood sugar.
15. Loss of consciousness.
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Five cardinal signs, namely: 1. Redness (rubor). 2. Swelling (tumour). 3. Heat (calor; only applicable to the body's extremities). 4. Pain (dolor). 5. Loss of function (functio laesa).
Five cardinal signs, namely:
See less1. Redness (rubor).
2. Swelling (tumour).
3. Heat (calor; only applicable to the body’s extremities).
4. Pain (dolor).
5. Loss of function (functio laesa).